PBHL 511 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Which statement is true about death rates in the US from drug-induced causes in recent
years?
a. Stimulants, like cocaine and methamphetamines are responsible for the highest proportion
of drug overdose deaths
b. Drug overdose death rates are highest among those in the 15-24 year and 55-64-year age
groups
c. In the past twenty years, death rates due to drug-induced causes have been highest among
females compared to males
d. The drug overdose death rate attributable to fentanyl and other synthetic opioids continues
to rise - CORRECT ANSWER d. The drug overdose death rate attributable to fentanyl
and other synthetic opioids continues to rise
Since about 2014, the largest and most rapid increase in drug overdose deaths in the US is
attributed to which category of opioids?
a. Methadone
b. Synthetic opioids other than methadone, such as fentanyl
c. Heroin
d. Natural opioids like morphine and semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone - CORRECT
ANSWER b. Synthetic opioids other than methadone, such as fentanyl
The rise in drug overdose deaths since 1999 can be described as occurring in three waves, the
first wave began with an increase in death due to heroin use, followed by a second wave
increase in death due to misuse of prescription opioids like oxycodone
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER b. False
Which of the following characterizes some of the limits of the paradigm of addiction as a
brain disease?
a. It underplays or ignores the impacts of social determinants of health on the development of
addiction in different groups of people
,b. It creates a risk of stigmatizing addicts as diseased and deviant people
c. It focuses attention on medical treatments for a addicted people rather than on modifying
the social determinants that lead to high rates of addiction in populations
d. All of the above
e. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER d. all of the above
Opioid drugs bind to opiate receptors leading to analgesia (loss of pain). Why does drug
addiction occur even after the individual has recovered from the illness/disorder which
caused the pain?
a. People who take opioid drugs for pain relief never become addicted to the drugs. Only
people who take opioid drugs to get high can become addicted to the drugs.
b. Opioid drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the reward pathway regions of the brain.
This causes structural and chemical changes in the brain that resemble those that occur in
memory and learning.
c. There are no changes in the brain from ingesting opioid drugs. Addicted people are just
"weak-willed" and enjoy the high associated with drug use
d. Opioid drugs change the pain receptors in the body, causing chronic physical pain in the
body - CORRECT ANSWER b. Opioid drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the
reward pathway regions of the brain. This causes structural and chemical changes in the brain
that resemble those that occur in memory and learning.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
a. Screening for breast cancer using mammography
b. Treating COVID-19 patients with the antiviral drug Paxlovid
c. Discouraging a teen from taking up cigarette smoking
d. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER c. Discouraging a teen from taking up
cigarette smoking
Cancer treatment is an example of what level of prevention?
a. Primordial
b. Secondary
c. Primary
, d. Tertiary - CORRECT ANSWER d. Tertiary
The US preventative services task force recommends screening adults 35-70 years of age,
who are overweight or obese, for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes using a variety of different
methods. This is an example of secondary prevention
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER a. True
What are the levels of the social ecological model ordered from "micro" to "macro"?
a. Individual, interpersonal, community/organization, policy
b. Community/organization, interpersonal, policy, individual
c. Policy, communication/organization, interpersonal, individual
d. Individual, policy, community/organizational, interpersonal - CORRECT
ANSWER a. Individual, interpersonal, community/organization, policy
A public service announcement about the dangers of cigarette smoking includes an image of a
former smoker with a tracheotomy. What health behavior model and construct were likely
used to develop this message?
a. Social cognitive - collective efficacy
b. Health belief model - perceived severity
c. Health belief model - cues to action
d. Stages of change - maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER b. Health belief model -
perceived severity
1. The social cognitive behavioral change theory corresponds best to which level of the
social-ecological model?
a. Individual
b. Interpersonal
c. Community or organizational
d. Policy or systems - CORRECT ANSWER b. Interpersonal
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Which statement is true about death rates in the US from drug-induced causes in recent
years?
a. Stimulants, like cocaine and methamphetamines are responsible for the highest proportion
of drug overdose deaths
b. Drug overdose death rates are highest among those in the 15-24 year and 55-64-year age
groups
c. In the past twenty years, death rates due to drug-induced causes have been highest among
females compared to males
d. The drug overdose death rate attributable to fentanyl and other synthetic opioids continues
to rise - CORRECT ANSWER d. The drug overdose death rate attributable to fentanyl
and other synthetic opioids continues to rise
Since about 2014, the largest and most rapid increase in drug overdose deaths in the US is
attributed to which category of opioids?
a. Methadone
b. Synthetic opioids other than methadone, such as fentanyl
c. Heroin
d. Natural opioids like morphine and semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone - CORRECT
ANSWER b. Synthetic opioids other than methadone, such as fentanyl
The rise in drug overdose deaths since 1999 can be described as occurring in three waves, the
first wave began with an increase in death due to heroin use, followed by a second wave
increase in death due to misuse of prescription opioids like oxycodone
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER b. False
Which of the following characterizes some of the limits of the paradigm of addiction as a
brain disease?
a. It underplays or ignores the impacts of social determinants of health on the development of
addiction in different groups of people
,b. It creates a risk of stigmatizing addicts as diseased and deviant people
c. It focuses attention on medical treatments for a addicted people rather than on modifying
the social determinants that lead to high rates of addiction in populations
d. All of the above
e. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER d. all of the above
Opioid drugs bind to opiate receptors leading to analgesia (loss of pain). Why does drug
addiction occur even after the individual has recovered from the illness/disorder which
caused the pain?
a. People who take opioid drugs for pain relief never become addicted to the drugs. Only
people who take opioid drugs to get high can become addicted to the drugs.
b. Opioid drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the reward pathway regions of the brain.
This causes structural and chemical changes in the brain that resemble those that occur in
memory and learning.
c. There are no changes in the brain from ingesting opioid drugs. Addicted people are just
"weak-willed" and enjoy the high associated with drug use
d. Opioid drugs change the pain receptors in the body, causing chronic physical pain in the
body - CORRECT ANSWER b. Opioid drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the
reward pathway regions of the brain. This causes structural and chemical changes in the brain
that resemble those that occur in memory and learning.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
a. Screening for breast cancer using mammography
b. Treating COVID-19 patients with the antiviral drug Paxlovid
c. Discouraging a teen from taking up cigarette smoking
d. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER c. Discouraging a teen from taking up
cigarette smoking
Cancer treatment is an example of what level of prevention?
a. Primordial
b. Secondary
c. Primary
, d. Tertiary - CORRECT ANSWER d. Tertiary
The US preventative services task force recommends screening adults 35-70 years of age,
who are overweight or obese, for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes using a variety of different
methods. This is an example of secondary prevention
a. True
b. False - CORRECT ANSWER a. True
What are the levels of the social ecological model ordered from "micro" to "macro"?
a. Individual, interpersonal, community/organization, policy
b. Community/organization, interpersonal, policy, individual
c. Policy, communication/organization, interpersonal, individual
d. Individual, policy, community/organizational, interpersonal - CORRECT
ANSWER a. Individual, interpersonal, community/organization, policy
A public service announcement about the dangers of cigarette smoking includes an image of a
former smoker with a tracheotomy. What health behavior model and construct were likely
used to develop this message?
a. Social cognitive - collective efficacy
b. Health belief model - perceived severity
c. Health belief model - cues to action
d. Stages of change - maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER b. Health belief model -
perceived severity
1. The social cognitive behavioral change theory corresponds best to which level of the
social-ecological model?
a. Individual
b. Interpersonal
c. Community or organizational
d. Policy or systems - CORRECT ANSWER b. Interpersonal
