BIOL 203 NUTRITION ASSESSMENT FINAL
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 FULL
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS
⩥ to which category of receptors do tactile receptors, proprioceptors,
and baroreceptors belong, and what types of stimuli do they each detect?
Answer: They belong to mechanoreceptors, which detect physical
deformation. Tactile receptors detect vibration, touch, and pressure;
proprioceptors detect stretch; and baroreceptors detect tension and
pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, the
bladder, and the lungs
⩥ what type of receptors are muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?
Answer: Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are
mechanoreceptors, more specifically proprioceptors.
⩥ what are the five special senses, and why are they considered special?
Answer: The five special senses are smell, taste, balance, hearing, and
vision. They are considered 'special' because they are confined to the
head and have specialized structures for detection
⩥ by what other names are the general senses known? Answer: The
general senses are also known as somatosensory senses or somesthetic
senses.
,⩥ where are the receptors for general senses that detect sensory stimuli
like pain located? Answer: In the receptive endings of sensory neurons
(first-order neurons).
⩥ where are the sensory receptors for the special senses (taste, light,
sound, equilibrium) located? Answer: In specialized receptor cells, and
they are not neurons.
⩥ can receptor cells for the special senses produce action potentials?
Answer: Only the receptor cells for smell can produce action potentials
because they are neurons. The other special senses use receptor
potential, which is a graded (or local) potential.
⩥ examples of receptors associated with free nerve endings? Answer:
Nociceptors (for pain), warm and cold receptors.
⩥ which type of neuron do free nerve endings belong to? Answer:
Receptive endings (at the end of the peripheral process or axon) of the
first order sensory neuron
⩥ what does tactile disc sense? Answer: Steady pressure and texture
⩥ what does tactile corpuscles sense? Answer: Flutter and stroking
movements
,⩥ what are the main differences between tactile discs and tactile
corpuscles? Answer: While both are tactile receptors involved in the
sense of touch, they differ in their location, structure (corpuscles are
encapsulated nerve endings), and the type of touch stimuli to which they
are most sensitive. Meissner corpuscles are more associated with
dynamic touch, while tactile discs are more involved in the detection of
sustained pressure.
⩥ what do lamellar corspuscle detect? Answer: Vibration
⩥ what do bulbous corpuscle detect? Answer: Heavy continuous touch
or pressure, and stretch of skin
⩥ what do hair receptors detect? Answer: hair movement
⩥ what do end bulbs detect? Answer: Unknown, maybe temperature and
touch
⩥ What are the Meissner, Krause, Ruffini, and Pacinian associated with?
Answer: Meissner is associated with tactile corpuscles, Krause with end
bulbs, Ruffini with bulbous corpuscles, and Pacinian with lamellar
corpuscles
⩥ what are the 3 categories into which pain is classified? Answer:
Nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic.
, ⩥ what is nociceptive pain, and does it involve the activation of
nociceptors? Answer: Nociceptive pain is pain that arises from actual or
threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of
nociceptors
⩥ how is nociceptive pain further classified? Answer: It is further
classified into visceral pain (originating from the viscera, internal
organs) and somatic pain (arising deep within bones, joints, or muscles,
or superficial pain from the skin)
⩥ which type of pain can mucosal injury or obstruction or capsular
distension produce? Answer: All these conditions can produce
nociceptive pain. Examples include peptic ulcer for mucosal injury, and
kidney stones for visceral obstruction
⩥ what type of pain can osteoarthritis produce and why? Answer:
Osteoarthritis can produce deep somatic pain, which falls under
nociceptive pain. In this condition, inflammatory mediators activate
nociceptors
⩥ in neuropathic pain, where is the origin of the noxious stimulus or
damage located? Answer: The origin of the noxious stimulus or damage
in neuropathic pain is within the nervous system itself
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 FULL
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS
⩥ to which category of receptors do tactile receptors, proprioceptors,
and baroreceptors belong, and what types of stimuli do they each detect?
Answer: They belong to mechanoreceptors, which detect physical
deformation. Tactile receptors detect vibration, touch, and pressure;
proprioceptors detect stretch; and baroreceptors detect tension and
pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, the
bladder, and the lungs
⩥ what type of receptors are muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?
Answer: Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are
mechanoreceptors, more specifically proprioceptors.
⩥ what are the five special senses, and why are they considered special?
Answer: The five special senses are smell, taste, balance, hearing, and
vision. They are considered 'special' because they are confined to the
head and have specialized structures for detection
⩥ by what other names are the general senses known? Answer: The
general senses are also known as somatosensory senses or somesthetic
senses.
,⩥ where are the receptors for general senses that detect sensory stimuli
like pain located? Answer: In the receptive endings of sensory neurons
(first-order neurons).
⩥ where are the sensory receptors for the special senses (taste, light,
sound, equilibrium) located? Answer: In specialized receptor cells, and
they are not neurons.
⩥ can receptor cells for the special senses produce action potentials?
Answer: Only the receptor cells for smell can produce action potentials
because they are neurons. The other special senses use receptor
potential, which is a graded (or local) potential.
⩥ examples of receptors associated with free nerve endings? Answer:
Nociceptors (for pain), warm and cold receptors.
⩥ which type of neuron do free nerve endings belong to? Answer:
Receptive endings (at the end of the peripheral process or axon) of the
first order sensory neuron
⩥ what does tactile disc sense? Answer: Steady pressure and texture
⩥ what does tactile corpuscles sense? Answer: Flutter and stroking
movements
,⩥ what are the main differences between tactile discs and tactile
corpuscles? Answer: While both are tactile receptors involved in the
sense of touch, they differ in their location, structure (corpuscles are
encapsulated nerve endings), and the type of touch stimuli to which they
are most sensitive. Meissner corpuscles are more associated with
dynamic touch, while tactile discs are more involved in the detection of
sustained pressure.
⩥ what do lamellar corspuscle detect? Answer: Vibration
⩥ what do bulbous corpuscle detect? Answer: Heavy continuous touch
or pressure, and stretch of skin
⩥ what do hair receptors detect? Answer: hair movement
⩥ what do end bulbs detect? Answer: Unknown, maybe temperature and
touch
⩥ What are the Meissner, Krause, Ruffini, and Pacinian associated with?
Answer: Meissner is associated with tactile corpuscles, Krause with end
bulbs, Ruffini with bulbous corpuscles, and Pacinian with lamellar
corpuscles
⩥ what are the 3 categories into which pain is classified? Answer:
Nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic.
, ⩥ what is nociceptive pain, and does it involve the activation of
nociceptors? Answer: Nociceptive pain is pain that arises from actual or
threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of
nociceptors
⩥ how is nociceptive pain further classified? Answer: It is further
classified into visceral pain (originating from the viscera, internal
organs) and somatic pain (arising deep within bones, joints, or muscles,
or superficial pain from the skin)
⩥ which type of pain can mucosal injury or obstruction or capsular
distension produce? Answer: All these conditions can produce
nociceptive pain. Examples include peptic ulcer for mucosal injury, and
kidney stones for visceral obstruction
⩥ what type of pain can osteoarthritis produce and why? Answer:
Osteoarthritis can produce deep somatic pain, which falls under
nociceptive pain. In this condition, inflammatory mediators activate
nociceptors
⩥ in neuropathic pain, where is the origin of the noxious stimulus or
damage located? Answer: The origin of the noxious stimulus or damage
in neuropathic pain is within the nervous system itself
