HTHS 2230 Final Exam 6 Questions
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
The endocrine system consists of - Answer pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal
glands
Other organs that secrete hormones but they are not exclusively endocrine glands include -
Answer Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine,
skin, heart, & placenta
Action of Hormones - Answer -Control the composition and volume of the internal
environment
-emergency control during physical and mental stress
-Integration of growth and development
-reproductive control
-regulate metabolism and energy balance
Hormones bind to - Answer specific protein of glycoprotein receptors on their target cells
Target cells have the ability to - Answer up or down regulate receptors
Hypersecretion in Endocrine Function could be result of - Answer -Glandular neoplasms
-Ectopic Hormone release
-Antibody mimicking hormone
Hypo-secretion in Endocrine Function could be result of - Answer -Receptor disorders
-inadequate hormone synthesis
-degraded or inactivated hormones
-blocking antibodies
What is the major link between the nervous system and endocrine system? - Answer
Hypothalamus`
Anterior lobe of pituitary is also called ___________, it is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by _______ - Answer adenohypophysis, blood vessels
, Posterior lobe of pituitary is also called ____________, it is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by __________ - Answer Neurohypophysis, neurosecretory neurons
Hormones from the posterior pituitary - Answer Oxytocin & ADH (produced by
neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus)
Childbirth, suckling, and coitus (crying) stimulate - Answer Oxytocin release
Dehydration stimulates - Answer ADH release
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) - Answer Controls cells at the distal collecting tubule of the
kidney to prevent the secretion of water, increases expression of aquaporin channels,
*This facilitates reabsorption of water and decreases plasma osmolarity, decreases urine output
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH) - Answer Occurs when ADH is secreted despite
normal or even elevated levels of body water and without thirst stimulation
-inability to excrete excess water in the urine and reabsorption to the point of Hypervolemia
(increased volume) and Hyponatremia (low na+ concentration)
In SIADH as excess body water continues to rise, serum sodium levels continue to fall and more
water is shifted - Answer intracellularly causing cellular edema (headache and other
symptoms)
Diabetes Insipidus - Answer Is caused by insufficient release of ADH despite thirst or
dehydration. Free water continues to be eliminated in the urine, even though it is needed by
the body
Normal urine output ____
Diabetes insipidus ______ - Answer 1-1.5liters, >2.5 liters (50% 4-8 & 25% 8-12 liters)
There are two types of Diabetes Insipidus - Answer Neurogenic (most common) &
Nephrogenic
Neurogenic DI - Answer Results from a lesion of the hypothalamus, pituitary, or
infundibulum resulting in decreased ADH secretion
Nephrogenic DI - Answer is a state of insensitivity of the renal tubules to ADH
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
The endocrine system consists of - Answer pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal
glands
Other organs that secrete hormones but they are not exclusively endocrine glands include -
Answer Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine,
skin, heart, & placenta
Action of Hormones - Answer -Control the composition and volume of the internal
environment
-emergency control during physical and mental stress
-Integration of growth and development
-reproductive control
-regulate metabolism and energy balance
Hormones bind to - Answer specific protein of glycoprotein receptors on their target cells
Target cells have the ability to - Answer up or down regulate receptors
Hypersecretion in Endocrine Function could be result of - Answer -Glandular neoplasms
-Ectopic Hormone release
-Antibody mimicking hormone
Hypo-secretion in Endocrine Function could be result of - Answer -Receptor disorders
-inadequate hormone synthesis
-degraded or inactivated hormones
-blocking antibodies
What is the major link between the nervous system and endocrine system? - Answer
Hypothalamus`
Anterior lobe of pituitary is also called ___________, it is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by _______ - Answer adenohypophysis, blood vessels
, Posterior lobe of pituitary is also called ____________, it is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by __________ - Answer Neurohypophysis, neurosecretory neurons
Hormones from the posterior pituitary - Answer Oxytocin & ADH (produced by
neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus)
Childbirth, suckling, and coitus (crying) stimulate - Answer Oxytocin release
Dehydration stimulates - Answer ADH release
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) - Answer Controls cells at the distal collecting tubule of the
kidney to prevent the secretion of water, increases expression of aquaporin channels,
*This facilitates reabsorption of water and decreases plasma osmolarity, decreases urine output
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH) - Answer Occurs when ADH is secreted despite
normal or even elevated levels of body water and without thirst stimulation
-inability to excrete excess water in the urine and reabsorption to the point of Hypervolemia
(increased volume) and Hyponatremia (low na+ concentration)
In SIADH as excess body water continues to rise, serum sodium levels continue to fall and more
water is shifted - Answer intracellularly causing cellular edema (headache and other
symptoms)
Diabetes Insipidus - Answer Is caused by insufficient release of ADH despite thirst or
dehydration. Free water continues to be eliminated in the urine, even though it is needed by
the body
Normal urine output ____
Diabetes insipidus ______ - Answer 1-1.5liters, >2.5 liters (50% 4-8 & 25% 8-12 liters)
There are two types of Diabetes Insipidus - Answer Neurogenic (most common) &
Nephrogenic
Neurogenic DI - Answer Results from a lesion of the hypothalamus, pituitary, or
infundibulum resulting in decreased ADH secretion
Nephrogenic DI - Answer is a state of insensitivity of the renal tubules to ADH
