CERTIFIED RETINAL ANGIOGRAPHER EXAM
2026 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor? Answer:
ciliary body
◉ What muscles contracts the pupil? Answer: circular sphincter
◉ What muscles dilate the pupil? Answer: Radial dilator
◉ What are the layers of the retina in order? Answer: ILM > RNFL >
GCL > IPL > INL > OPL > ONL > Photoreceptor > RPE > Choroid
◉ What are photoreceptors in the eye? Answer: sensory cell that
responds to light rods and cones responsible for perception of black
and white and color vision
◉ Does the fovea consist of rods or cone receptor cells? Answer:
Cones
◉ What are cone photoreceptors responsible for? Answer: Color
vision
,◉ What are rod photoreceptor cells responsible for? Answer: dim
light night vision and black and white vision
◉ What are the four layers of the choroid? Answer: Hallers > Sattlers
> Choriocapillaries > Bruchs membrane
◉ What is the vitreous? Answer: clear gel between the lens and the
retina consisting of 98% water along with small amounts of protein
and collagen
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 1?
Answer: optic disc
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 2?
Answer: macula
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 3?
Answer: temporal to macula
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 4?
Answer: Superior temporal
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 5?
Answer: Inferior temporal
, ◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 6?
Answer: Superior nasal
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 7?
Answer: Inferior nasal
◉ How is blood supplied to the iris? Answer: greater arterial circle
located through iris
◉ How is blood supplied to the retina? Answer: Central retinal
artery and posterior ciliary arteries
◉ How is blood supplied to the choroid? Answer: ophthalmic artery
◉ The choroid accounts for ______% of total blood flow in the eye.
Answer: 85%
◉ what is the difference between veins and arteries and how to tell
them apart on fundus image? Answer: Arteries carry oxygenated
blood away from the heart supplying blood to the body, while veins
carry deoxygenated blood rich in waste product through the liver
and kidneys to the heart - Arteries look pale while veins are deep red
in color
2026 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor? Answer:
ciliary body
◉ What muscles contracts the pupil? Answer: circular sphincter
◉ What muscles dilate the pupil? Answer: Radial dilator
◉ What are the layers of the retina in order? Answer: ILM > RNFL >
GCL > IPL > INL > OPL > ONL > Photoreceptor > RPE > Choroid
◉ What are photoreceptors in the eye? Answer: sensory cell that
responds to light rods and cones responsible for perception of black
and white and color vision
◉ Does the fovea consist of rods or cone receptor cells? Answer:
Cones
◉ What are cone photoreceptors responsible for? Answer: Color
vision
,◉ What are rod photoreceptor cells responsible for? Answer: dim
light night vision and black and white vision
◉ What are the four layers of the choroid? Answer: Hallers > Sattlers
> Choriocapillaries > Bruchs membrane
◉ What is the vitreous? Answer: clear gel between the lens and the
retina consisting of 98% water along with small amounts of protein
and collagen
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 1?
Answer: optic disc
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 2?
Answer: macula
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 3?
Answer: temporal to macula
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 4?
Answer: Superior temporal
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 5?
Answer: Inferior temporal
, ◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 6?
Answer: Superior nasal
◉ In the 7 fields of gaze ETDRS map, what can be seen in field 7?
Answer: Inferior nasal
◉ How is blood supplied to the iris? Answer: greater arterial circle
located through iris
◉ How is blood supplied to the retina? Answer: Central retinal
artery and posterior ciliary arteries
◉ How is blood supplied to the choroid? Answer: ophthalmic artery
◉ The choroid accounts for ______% of total blood flow in the eye.
Answer: 85%
◉ what is the difference between veins and arteries and how to tell
them apart on fundus image? Answer: Arteries carry oxygenated
blood away from the heart supplying blood to the body, while veins
carry deoxygenated blood rich in waste product through the liver
and kidneys to the heart - Arteries look pale while veins are deep red
in color
