CERTIFIED RETINAL ANGIOGRAPHER EXAM
2026 CERTIFICATION REVIEW MANUAL
◉ Ophthalmic photography. Answer: The only type of photography
that has diagnostic capability.
◉ Red eye phenomenon. Answer: Caused by the reflection of the
light source in the retina.
◉ Fibrosis. Answer: the thickening and scarring of connective tissue,
usually as a result of injury or after surgery.
◉ Systemic diseases visible without dye injection. Answer: Diabetes,
high blood pressure, some cancers, even early detection of
Alzheimer's and other brain diseases.
◉ Digital imaging. Answer: Expanded the capability of the
ophthalmic imager to include other techniques like ICG's and
Fundus AF imaging.
◉ Stereo photography. Answer: Fundus imaging used to stimulate
the three dimensional aspect of retinal examination. Can
communicate depth in fundus photography and angiography.
,◉ Adnexa. Answer: Supporting structures surrounding the eye that
protect and assist. These include eyelids, muscles, tear glands..
◉ Anterior segment of the eye. Answer: The front half of an eye (lens
and cornea)
◉ Posterior segment of the eye. Answer: The back half of the eye
(interior surface, sensing structures, retina)
◉ Stereo field. Answer: Area after seeing the crescent in a fundus
camera that is halfway in and halfway out of the dilated pupil.
Because of this the field of view will always be darker and often not
as sharp as the center image. One of the two fields will always have
higher quality than the other.
◉ When imaging a stereo pair on a fundus camera...... Answer:
Movement to take the two images should always be left to right.
◉ The globe. Answer: Medical term for the eyeball
◉ Rectus muscles. Answer: Main directions of eye movement are
accomplished with this.
◉ Superior rectus muscle. Answer: Allow eyeball to look upward.
, ◉ Inferior rectus muscle. Answer: Allow eyeball to look downward.
◉ Medial rectus muscle. Answer: Moves eye toward the nose.
◉ Lateral rectus muscle. Answer: Moves eye toward the temple.
◉ Oblique eye muscles (Superior and inferior). Answer: Additional
eye muscles that provide for the subtle rotation and diagonal
movement of the eye.
Attached sideways via a pulley system, when the muscle contracts, it
shortens through the pulley, creating a slight rotational movement of
the globe.
◉ Annulus of Zinn. Answer: a dense, fibrous ring of connective tissue
located at the apex of the orbit that is the origin of four of the six
extraocular muscles - the superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral
rectus, and medial rectus.
◉ Eyelids. Answer: Enclose the orbit, protect the globe, and help
distribute tears across the anterior surfaces.
2026 CERTIFICATION REVIEW MANUAL
◉ Ophthalmic photography. Answer: The only type of photography
that has diagnostic capability.
◉ Red eye phenomenon. Answer: Caused by the reflection of the
light source in the retina.
◉ Fibrosis. Answer: the thickening and scarring of connective tissue,
usually as a result of injury or after surgery.
◉ Systemic diseases visible without dye injection. Answer: Diabetes,
high blood pressure, some cancers, even early detection of
Alzheimer's and other brain diseases.
◉ Digital imaging. Answer: Expanded the capability of the
ophthalmic imager to include other techniques like ICG's and
Fundus AF imaging.
◉ Stereo photography. Answer: Fundus imaging used to stimulate
the three dimensional aspect of retinal examination. Can
communicate depth in fundus photography and angiography.
,◉ Adnexa. Answer: Supporting structures surrounding the eye that
protect and assist. These include eyelids, muscles, tear glands..
◉ Anterior segment of the eye. Answer: The front half of an eye (lens
and cornea)
◉ Posterior segment of the eye. Answer: The back half of the eye
(interior surface, sensing structures, retina)
◉ Stereo field. Answer: Area after seeing the crescent in a fundus
camera that is halfway in and halfway out of the dilated pupil.
Because of this the field of view will always be darker and often not
as sharp as the center image. One of the two fields will always have
higher quality than the other.
◉ When imaging a stereo pair on a fundus camera...... Answer:
Movement to take the two images should always be left to right.
◉ The globe. Answer: Medical term for the eyeball
◉ Rectus muscles. Answer: Main directions of eye movement are
accomplished with this.
◉ Superior rectus muscle. Answer: Allow eyeball to look upward.
, ◉ Inferior rectus muscle. Answer: Allow eyeball to look downward.
◉ Medial rectus muscle. Answer: Moves eye toward the nose.
◉ Lateral rectus muscle. Answer: Moves eye toward the temple.
◉ Oblique eye muscles (Superior and inferior). Answer: Additional
eye muscles that provide for the subtle rotation and diagonal
movement of the eye.
Attached sideways via a pulley system, when the muscle contracts, it
shortens through the pulley, creating a slight rotational movement of
the globe.
◉ Annulus of Zinn. Answer: a dense, fibrous ring of connective tissue
located at the apex of the orbit that is the origin of four of the six
extraocular muscles - the superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral
rectus, and medial rectus.
◉ Eyelids. Answer: Enclose the orbit, protect the globe, and help
distribute tears across the anterior surfaces.
