PALS 2025 ELITE REVIEW STUDY GUIDE SUMMARY WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS FOR 2026 SUCCESS

PALS 2025 ELITE REVIEW STUDY GUIDE
SUMMARY WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS FOR 2026
SUCCESS


◉What are the causes of secondary bradycardia? Answer: Hypoxia,
hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, drugs.


◉What are the causes of primary bradycardia? Answer: Congenital or
acquired heart conditions.


◉What are the ECG characteristics of bradycardia? Answer: P wave
and QRS may be unrelated.
Heart rate slow for age.
QRS may be narrow or wide.


◉In what patients would asymptomatic bradycardia not be problematic?
Answer: A well-conditioned athlete.
A healthy child who is sleeping.


◉Define bradycardia. Answer: A heart rate that is:
- slow for normal range

, - activity
- clinical condition


◉What is the leading cause of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer:
Tissue hypoxia.


◉What is the dose for epinephrine? Answer: Epinephrine every 3-5
mins
- 0.01 mg/kg IV
- 0.1 mg/kg ETT


◉In what conditions is atropine preferred over epinephrine as 1st choice
treatment of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer: When the bradycardia
is due to:
- excessive vagal tone
- cholinergic drug toxicity, e.g. organophosphates
- complete AV block (primary bradycardia)


◉What is the dose for atropine? Answer: Atropine 0.02 mg/kg IV


◉What clinical findings may be present in a child with
tachyarrhythmia? Answer: Syncope, light-headedness, palpitations.