PSYC 1F90 REVIEW (CHAPTER 6) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
2026/2027
learning - Answers Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that can be
attributed to experience.
Associative learning - Answers The formation of simple associations between various stimuli
and responses.
Classical conditioning - Answers A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated
with new stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Answers Something that elicits a response without any prior
experience.
Unconditioned response (UR) - Answers Response to a stimulus that requires no previous
experience.
Neutral stimulus (NS) - Answers A stimulus that does not evoke a response.
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Answers Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.
Conditioned response (CR) - Answers Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral
stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
extinction and spontaneous recovery - Answers extinction (in classical conditioning): occurs by
weakening the connection between conditioned and unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery: return of learned response after it is apparent extinction
stimulus generalization - Answers tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned
response
stimulus discrimination - Answers learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
conditioned emotional responses - Answers emotional response that has been linked to a
previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
operant conditioning - Answers learning based on the positive or negative consequences of
responding
Law of Effect - Answers responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those produce
undesirable results are not
operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) - Answers developed by B. F. Skinner
apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals
, reinforcements
(positive and negative) - Answers reinforcers: any event that follows response/increases
probability of occurring again
positive reinforcement: occurs when reward or positive event follows a response
negative reinforcement: occurs while making response is followed by removing something
unpleasant from the environment of organism
punishment
(positive and negative) - Answers punisher: event/consequence that follows response and
makes response less likely to happen in the future
positive punishment: any event that follows response and decreases its likelihood of occurring
again; process of suppressing a response
negative punishment: removal of positive reinforcer after a response is made
extinction in operant conditioning - Answers weakening or disappearance of non-reinforced
operant response
operant stimulus generalization - Answers tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that
preceded reinforcement
operant stimulus discrimination - Answers tendency to make an operant response when stimuli
previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli
associated with non-reward are present
shaping - Answers gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Punishment - Answers 1. intensity
2. timing
3. consistency
Continuous reinforcement - Answers A pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct
response.
Secondary reinforcer - Answers A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties
by association with a primary reinforcer.
Primary reinforcers - Answers Nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological
needs.
Variable interval (VI) schedule - Answers An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first
2026/2027
learning - Answers Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that can be
attributed to experience.
Associative learning - Answers The formation of simple associations between various stimuli
and responses.
Classical conditioning - Answers A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated
with new stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Answers Something that elicits a response without any prior
experience.
Unconditioned response (UR) - Answers Response to a stimulus that requires no previous
experience.
Neutral stimulus (NS) - Answers A stimulus that does not evoke a response.
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Answers Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.
Conditioned response (CR) - Answers Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral
stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
extinction and spontaneous recovery - Answers extinction (in classical conditioning): occurs by
weakening the connection between conditioned and unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery: return of learned response after it is apparent extinction
stimulus generalization - Answers tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned
response
stimulus discrimination - Answers learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
conditioned emotional responses - Answers emotional response that has been linked to a
previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
operant conditioning - Answers learning based on the positive or negative consequences of
responding
Law of Effect - Answers responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those produce
undesirable results are not
operant conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) - Answers developed by B. F. Skinner
apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals
, reinforcements
(positive and negative) - Answers reinforcers: any event that follows response/increases
probability of occurring again
positive reinforcement: occurs when reward or positive event follows a response
negative reinforcement: occurs while making response is followed by removing something
unpleasant from the environment of organism
punishment
(positive and negative) - Answers punisher: event/consequence that follows response and
makes response less likely to happen in the future
positive punishment: any event that follows response and decreases its likelihood of occurring
again; process of suppressing a response
negative punishment: removal of positive reinforcer after a response is made
extinction in operant conditioning - Answers weakening or disappearance of non-reinforced
operant response
operant stimulus generalization - Answers tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that
preceded reinforcement
operant stimulus discrimination - Answers tendency to make an operant response when stimuli
previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli
associated with non-reward are present
shaping - Answers gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Punishment - Answers 1. intensity
2. timing
3. consistency
Continuous reinforcement - Answers A pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct
response.
Secondary reinforcer - Answers A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties
by association with a primary reinforcer.
Primary reinforcers - Answers Nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological
needs.
Variable interval (VI) schedule - Answers An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first
