MGMT 363 EXAM 2 – CH. 8 QUESTIONS
What reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that
result from experience? (Knowledge) - Answers -Learning
What refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to
solve a problem? (Choosing) - Answers -Decision making
What refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less
experienced people? (Experts) - Answers -Expertise
What types of knowledge are there? - Answers -1. Explicit knowledge
2. Tacit knowledge
What is the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone
sitting down at a desk learning? - Answers -Explicit knowledge
What is what employees can typically learn only through experience? (Typically) -
Answers -Tacit knowledge
What are the typically methods of learning? - Answers -1. Learn through reinforcement
(rewards and punishment), observation, and experience
2. Learn by observing the link between out voluntary behavior and the consequences
that follow it
What says that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the
consequences that follow it? - Answers -Operant conditioning
What types of contingencies of Reinforcement are there? - Answers -1. Two
contingencies used to increase desired behaviors: (x, +)
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
2. Two contingencies used to decrease undesired behaviors (x, +)
- Punishment
- Extinction
What occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior? (+, +) - Answers -
Positive reinforcement
What occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed follow a a desired behavior? (-, +)
- Answers -Negative reinforcement
, What occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior? (-, -) -
Answers -Punishment
What occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted
behavior? (-) - Answers -Extinction
What schedules of reinforcement are there? - Answers -1. Continuous reinforcement
2. Fixed interval schedule
3. Variable interval schedules
4. Fixed ratio schedules
5. Variable ratio schedules
What is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific
consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired (Simplest) - Answers -
Continuous reinforcement
What is the type of reinforcement in which workers are rewarded after a certain amount
of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same? (Certain
time) - Answers -Fixed interval schedule
What is the type of reinforcement is designed to reinforce behavior at more random
points in time? (Random points) - Answers -Variable interval schedules
What reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited? (Certain
number) - Answers -Fixed ratio schedules
What is the type of reinforcement rewards people after a varying number of exhibited
behaviors? (Varying number) - Answers -Variable ratio schedules
What are some things attributed to learning through observation? - Answers -1. Social
learning theory
2. Behavioral modeling
What argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through observation of
others? - Answers -Social learning theory
What happens when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they
observe, and then repeat the observed behavior? (Repeat behavior) - Answers -
Behavioral modeling
What types of learning orientations are there? - Answers -1. Learning orientation
2. Performance-prove orientation
3. Performance-avoid orientation
What reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that
result from experience? (Knowledge) - Answers -Learning
What refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to
solve a problem? (Choosing) - Answers -Decision making
What refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less
experienced people? (Experts) - Answers -Expertise
What types of knowledge are there? - Answers -1. Explicit knowledge
2. Tacit knowledge
What is the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone
sitting down at a desk learning? - Answers -Explicit knowledge
What is what employees can typically learn only through experience? (Typically) -
Answers -Tacit knowledge
What are the typically methods of learning? - Answers -1. Learn through reinforcement
(rewards and punishment), observation, and experience
2. Learn by observing the link between out voluntary behavior and the consequences
that follow it
What says that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the
consequences that follow it? - Answers -Operant conditioning
What types of contingencies of Reinforcement are there? - Answers -1. Two
contingencies used to increase desired behaviors: (x, +)
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
2. Two contingencies used to decrease undesired behaviors (x, +)
- Punishment
- Extinction
What occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior? (+, +) - Answers -
Positive reinforcement
What occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed follow a a desired behavior? (-, +)
- Answers -Negative reinforcement
, What occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior? (-, -) -
Answers -Punishment
What occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted
behavior? (-) - Answers -Extinction
What schedules of reinforcement are there? - Answers -1. Continuous reinforcement
2. Fixed interval schedule
3. Variable interval schedules
4. Fixed ratio schedules
5. Variable ratio schedules
What is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific
consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired (Simplest) - Answers -
Continuous reinforcement
What is the type of reinforcement in which workers are rewarded after a certain amount
of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same? (Certain
time) - Answers -Fixed interval schedule
What is the type of reinforcement is designed to reinforce behavior at more random
points in time? (Random points) - Answers -Variable interval schedules
What reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited? (Certain
number) - Answers -Fixed ratio schedules
What is the type of reinforcement rewards people after a varying number of exhibited
behaviors? (Varying number) - Answers -Variable ratio schedules
What are some things attributed to learning through observation? - Answers -1. Social
learning theory
2. Behavioral modeling
What argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through observation of
others? - Answers -Social learning theory
What happens when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they
observe, and then repeat the observed behavior? (Repeat behavior) - Answers -
Behavioral modeling
What types of learning orientations are there? - Answers -1. Learning orientation
2. Performance-prove orientation
3. Performance-avoid orientation
