MGMT 363 (FAULK) EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What are the 3 components of performance? - Answers -Motivation, Ability, Opportunity
(MAO)
What represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful
performance of some task; subjective probability ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1
(mortal lock)? - Answers -Expectancy (E->P)
What represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome; set
of subjective probabilities each ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)? -
Answers -Instrumentality (P->O)
What reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance? -
Answers -Valence (V)
What are the 3 components of motivation? - Answers -- Direction of effort (what are you
going to do right now?)
- Intensity of effort (how hard are you going to work on it?)
- Persistence of effort (how long are you going to work on it)
What is a contemporary synonym, more or less, for high levels of intensity and
persistence in work effort? - Answers -Engagement
What type of motivation is controlled by some contingency that depends on task
performance? - Answers -Extrinsic
What type of motivation is felt when task performance serves as its own reward? -
Answers -Intrinsic
What type of motivation outcomes does the following list show?
- Pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits and perks, spot awards, praise, job security, free
time, lack of disciplinary actions, lack of demotions, and lack of terminations - Answers
-Extrinsic Outcomes
What type of motivation outcomes does the following list show?
- Enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge of gain, skill development,
personal expression, lack of boredom, lack of anxiety, lack of frustration - Answers -
Intrinsic Outcomes
Why is money so important as a motivator? - Answers -- Money can help satisfy
existence needs by helping employees buy good, afford a house, and save for
retirement
,- Money also conveys a sense of esteem because it signals that employees are
competent and well regarded
What is the degree to which someone views money as having symbolic, not just
economic value? - Answers -Meaning of money
What are the components of the symbolic value of money? - Answers -Achievement,
respect, freedom
What describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices
among different voluntary responses? - Answers -Expectancy Theory
How can expectancy be influenced by organizations? - Answers -- Boosting self-
efficacy
- Past accomplishments
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
- Emotional cues
How can instrumentality be influenced by organizations? - Answers -Organizations
often struggle to foster instrumentality in the best of times, and linking performance to
outcomes is even more difficult during economic challenges
How can valence be influenced by organizations? - Answers -- Positively valenced
outcomes (salary increases, bonuses, and more informal rewards)
- Negatively valenced outcomes (disciplinary actions, demotions, and terminations)
Expectancy can be shaped by what? - Answers -Supportive leadership, access to
resources, self-efficacy
How can you predict performance based on the expectancy theory? - Answers -The
theory suggests that motivational force to performance an action can be described by
the following formula:
Motivational Force = Expectancy x Sum of (Instrumentality x Valence)
- Equals 0 if any one of the 3 elements is 0
What theory of needs includes physiological, safety and security, belongingness,
esteem, and self-actualization? - Answers -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What theory of needs includes existence, relatedness, and growth? - Answers -
Alderfer's ERG Theory (Frustration Regression)
What theory of needs involves achievement, power, and affiliation? - Answers -
McClelland's Acquired Need Theory
, What are specific and difficult goals that will result in higher levels of performance than
assigning no goals, easy goals, or "do-your-best" goals; SMART goals are an example
of these? - Answers -Effective Goals
Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting? - Answers -
Valence or outcome
What says that since few people know what their "best" is, assigning specific and
difficult goals gives people a number to shoot for - a measuring stick that can be used to
tell them how hard they need to work and for how long? - Answers -Goal Difficulty
Rather than directly affecting other variables, what affect the strength of the
relationships between variables? - Answers -Moderators
What is the role of goal difficulty, feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment in the
effectiveness of goal setting? - Answers -Moderators
What consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment? - Answers -
Feedback
What reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as
well as how much the task changes? - Answers -Task Complexity
What is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try
and reach it? - Answers -Goal Commitment
What influences goal commitment? - Answers -Rewards, publicity, support,
participation, resources
What is the primary focus of equity theory? - Answers -Fairness; motivation doesn't just
depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other
people; suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes (or rewards)
they get from their job duties
How is equity theory determined? - Answers -Comparing your ratio of outcomes (your
outcomes / your inputs) to the ratio of outcomes of some comparison other (other's
outcomes / other's inputs)
What are the various comparisons that people coul dmake? - Answers -- Job Equity
- Company Equity
- Occupational Equity
- Educational Equity
- Age Equity
What are the 3 components of performance? - Answers -Motivation, Ability, Opportunity
(MAO)
What represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful
performance of some task; subjective probability ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1
(mortal lock)? - Answers -Expectancy (E->P)
What represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome; set
of subjective probabilities each ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)? -
Answers -Instrumentality (P->O)
What reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance? -
Answers -Valence (V)
What are the 3 components of motivation? - Answers -- Direction of effort (what are you
going to do right now?)
- Intensity of effort (how hard are you going to work on it?)
- Persistence of effort (how long are you going to work on it)
What is a contemporary synonym, more or less, for high levels of intensity and
persistence in work effort? - Answers -Engagement
What type of motivation is controlled by some contingency that depends on task
performance? - Answers -Extrinsic
What type of motivation is felt when task performance serves as its own reward? -
Answers -Intrinsic
What type of motivation outcomes does the following list show?
- Pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits and perks, spot awards, praise, job security, free
time, lack of disciplinary actions, lack of demotions, and lack of terminations - Answers
-Extrinsic Outcomes
What type of motivation outcomes does the following list show?
- Enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge of gain, skill development,
personal expression, lack of boredom, lack of anxiety, lack of frustration - Answers -
Intrinsic Outcomes
Why is money so important as a motivator? - Answers -- Money can help satisfy
existence needs by helping employees buy good, afford a house, and save for
retirement
,- Money also conveys a sense of esteem because it signals that employees are
competent and well regarded
What is the degree to which someone views money as having symbolic, not just
economic value? - Answers -Meaning of money
What are the components of the symbolic value of money? - Answers -Achievement,
respect, freedom
What describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices
among different voluntary responses? - Answers -Expectancy Theory
How can expectancy be influenced by organizations? - Answers -- Boosting self-
efficacy
- Past accomplishments
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
- Emotional cues
How can instrumentality be influenced by organizations? - Answers -Organizations
often struggle to foster instrumentality in the best of times, and linking performance to
outcomes is even more difficult during economic challenges
How can valence be influenced by organizations? - Answers -- Positively valenced
outcomes (salary increases, bonuses, and more informal rewards)
- Negatively valenced outcomes (disciplinary actions, demotions, and terminations)
Expectancy can be shaped by what? - Answers -Supportive leadership, access to
resources, self-efficacy
How can you predict performance based on the expectancy theory? - Answers -The
theory suggests that motivational force to performance an action can be described by
the following formula:
Motivational Force = Expectancy x Sum of (Instrumentality x Valence)
- Equals 0 if any one of the 3 elements is 0
What theory of needs includes physiological, safety and security, belongingness,
esteem, and self-actualization? - Answers -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What theory of needs includes existence, relatedness, and growth? - Answers -
Alderfer's ERG Theory (Frustration Regression)
What theory of needs involves achievement, power, and affiliation? - Answers -
McClelland's Acquired Need Theory
, What are specific and difficult goals that will result in higher levels of performance than
assigning no goals, easy goals, or "do-your-best" goals; SMART goals are an example
of these? - Answers -Effective Goals
Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting? - Answers -
Valence or outcome
What says that since few people know what their "best" is, assigning specific and
difficult goals gives people a number to shoot for - a measuring stick that can be used to
tell them how hard they need to work and for how long? - Answers -Goal Difficulty
Rather than directly affecting other variables, what affect the strength of the
relationships between variables? - Answers -Moderators
What is the role of goal difficulty, feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment in the
effectiveness of goal setting? - Answers -Moderators
What consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment? - Answers -
Feedback
What reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as
well as how much the task changes? - Answers -Task Complexity
What is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try
and reach it? - Answers -Goal Commitment
What influences goal commitment? - Answers -Rewards, publicity, support,
participation, resources
What is the primary focus of equity theory? - Answers -Fairness; motivation doesn't just
depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other
people; suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes (or rewards)
they get from their job duties
How is equity theory determined? - Answers -Comparing your ratio of outcomes (your
outcomes / your inputs) to the ratio of outcomes of some comparison other (other's
outcomes / other's inputs)
What are the various comparisons that people coul dmake? - Answers -- Job Equity
- Company Equity
- Occupational Equity
- Educational Equity
- Age Equity
