KETTERING TESTS ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Creatinine Answer: -Healthy kidneys take creatinine out of the
blood and put it into the urine to leave the body. When the kidneys
are not working well, creatinine builds up in the blood.
- Low levels can also mean some types of severe liver disease or a
diet very low in protein. Pregnancy can also cause low blood
creatinine levels.
- *0.7-1.3 mg/dL*
◉ BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) Answer: *<100 pg/mL*
-BNP is a hormone that the left ventricle of the heart produces to
help regulate blood volume
-If a person's heart has difficulty pumping blood, it releases more
BNP than usual
◉ BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Answer: - *8-25 mg/dL*
- amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste
product urea.
- Urea is made in the liver and passed out of your body in the urine.
A BUN test is done to see how well your kidneys are working.
,◉ Pack Year Equation Answer: - Pack years = *# of packs/day X # of
years smoked*
- Recommend nicotine replacement therapy or smoking cessation
programs
◉ Normal urine output? Answer: - *40-60 mL/hr (approximately 1
Liter/day)*
- If intake exceeds output, this could result in weight gain,
*electrolyte imbalance*, increased hemodynamic pressures, and
decreased lung compliance
◉ Normal CVP? Answer: Changes in CVP can *indicate changes in
fluid balance*
- Normal CVP is 2-6
- Decreased CVP can indicate hypovolemia (recommend fluid
therapy)
- Increased CVP can indicate hypervolemia (*recommend diuretics*)
◉ If a patient is lethargic, somnolent, or sleepy, what test would you
consider? Answer: Consider sleep apnea testing
◉ Obtunded definition Answer: - Drowsy state may have decreased
cough or gag reflex, risk of aspiration
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
,◉ Orthopnea definition Answer: - Difficulty breathing while lying
down
- Many *CHF* patients have this issue
◉ General malaise definition Answer: - Run down feeling, nausea,
weakness, fatigue, headache (*electrolyte imbalance*)
◉ Dysphagia definition Answer: - *Difficulty swallowing* and
hoarseness are also common symptoms
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Peripheral edema is caused primarily by what 2 diseases?
Answer: - CHF and Renal Failure
◉ Clubbing of fingers is caused by what? Answer: - Chronic
*hypoxemia*
- Presence of this is suggestive of pulmonary disease
- The condition is present when the angle of the nail bed and skin
increases
◉ Severe cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure) has what major
sign? Answer: - JVD (vein distension)
- Also seen during exhalation in patients with COPD and air trapping
, ◉ Eupnea definition Answer: - Normal respiratory rate, depth, and
rhythm
◉ Cheyne-Stokes definition and cause Answer: - pattern of breathing
characterized by a *gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to
a maximum level, followed by a decrease, followed by apnea*
- Caused by: increased ICP, brainstem injury, or drug overdose
◉ Hyperpnea definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR,
increased depth, regular rhythm
- Caused by: Metabolic disorder or CNS disorders
◉ Biot's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR and
depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same
depth. *No pattern*
- Caused by: CNS problem
◉ Kussmaul's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased
RR (usually over 20 BPM). increased depth, irregular rhythm,
breathing sounds labored.
- Caused by: Hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, *diabetic
ketoacidosis*
QUESTIONS ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Creatinine Answer: -Healthy kidneys take creatinine out of the
blood and put it into the urine to leave the body. When the kidneys
are not working well, creatinine builds up in the blood.
- Low levels can also mean some types of severe liver disease or a
diet very low in protein. Pregnancy can also cause low blood
creatinine levels.
- *0.7-1.3 mg/dL*
◉ BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) Answer: *<100 pg/mL*
-BNP is a hormone that the left ventricle of the heart produces to
help regulate blood volume
-If a person's heart has difficulty pumping blood, it releases more
BNP than usual
◉ BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Answer: - *8-25 mg/dL*
- amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste
product urea.
- Urea is made in the liver and passed out of your body in the urine.
A BUN test is done to see how well your kidneys are working.
,◉ Pack Year Equation Answer: - Pack years = *# of packs/day X # of
years smoked*
- Recommend nicotine replacement therapy or smoking cessation
programs
◉ Normal urine output? Answer: - *40-60 mL/hr (approximately 1
Liter/day)*
- If intake exceeds output, this could result in weight gain,
*electrolyte imbalance*, increased hemodynamic pressures, and
decreased lung compliance
◉ Normal CVP? Answer: Changes in CVP can *indicate changes in
fluid balance*
- Normal CVP is 2-6
- Decreased CVP can indicate hypovolemia (recommend fluid
therapy)
- Increased CVP can indicate hypervolemia (*recommend diuretics*)
◉ If a patient is lethargic, somnolent, or sleepy, what test would you
consider? Answer: Consider sleep apnea testing
◉ Obtunded definition Answer: - Drowsy state may have decreased
cough or gag reflex, risk of aspiration
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
,◉ Orthopnea definition Answer: - Difficulty breathing while lying
down
- Many *CHF* patients have this issue
◉ General malaise definition Answer: - Run down feeling, nausea,
weakness, fatigue, headache (*electrolyte imbalance*)
◉ Dysphagia definition Answer: - *Difficulty swallowing* and
hoarseness are also common symptoms
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Peripheral edema is caused primarily by what 2 diseases?
Answer: - CHF and Renal Failure
◉ Clubbing of fingers is caused by what? Answer: - Chronic
*hypoxemia*
- Presence of this is suggestive of pulmonary disease
- The condition is present when the angle of the nail bed and skin
increases
◉ Severe cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure) has what major
sign? Answer: - JVD (vein distension)
- Also seen during exhalation in patients with COPD and air trapping
, ◉ Eupnea definition Answer: - Normal respiratory rate, depth, and
rhythm
◉ Cheyne-Stokes definition and cause Answer: - pattern of breathing
characterized by a *gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to
a maximum level, followed by a decrease, followed by apnea*
- Caused by: increased ICP, brainstem injury, or drug overdose
◉ Hyperpnea definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR,
increased depth, regular rhythm
- Caused by: Metabolic disorder or CNS disorders
◉ Biot's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR and
depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same
depth. *No pattern*
- Caused by: CNS problem
◉ Kussmaul's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased
RR (usually over 20 BPM). increased depth, irregular rhythm,
breathing sounds labored.
- Caused by: Hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, *diabetic
ketoacidosis*
