NURSING FINAL EXAM
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1. How can you estimate a client's tidal volume?: Tidal volume can be estimated by observing
the depth of the client's respirations.
2. What is the range of normal for an adult's respiratory rate?: A rate of 12 to 20 breaths
per minute is normal for adults
3. Besides the rate, what other characteristics of a client's respirations should
you observe?: Depth, rhythm, effort, breath sounds, and chest movement should be observed in addition to
rate.
4. What are some common clinical signs associated with poor oxygenation?: Pal-
lor or cyanosis of the nails, lips, or skin; restlessness; apprehension; confusion; dizziness; fatigue; changes in pulse and
blood pressure; and decreased level of consciousness are associated with poor oxygenation.
5. Which of the Korotkoff sounds would you record as the systolic pressure?: First
6. Which of the Korotkoff sounds would you record as the diastolic pressure?: Fifth
7. A nurse is auscultating a BP. He hears the first sound at 170 mm Hg. The
sound disappears immediately. At 150 mm Hg, the sound appears again and
continues until there is silence at 80 mm Hg. The pressures were taken in the
client's right arm while the client was lying down.
How should the nurse record these pressures?: BP RA, supine, 170/80 with an auscultatory gap
from 170 to 150
8. How do you explain what happened?: An auscultatory gap occurred. A gap is most commonly
heard in hypertensive clients, whose systolic blood pressure is higher than the adult normal limit of 140 mm Hg.
9. Which of the following patients has hypertension? One with a BP of:
150/80 on two separate occasions
180/100 on one occasion
138/88 on two occasions: 150/80 on two separate occasions
10. Which of the following client(s) has/have primary hypertension?
Client A, who is obese and has a high sodium intake
Client B, who is in renal failure
Client C, who has hypertension induced by pregnancy
Client D, who has a family history of hypertension: Client D, who has a family history of
hypertension
, NURSING FINAL EXAM
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11. What are five functions of the skin?: The skin serves five functions: protection, sensation,
temperature regulation, secretion/excretion, and formation of vitamin D.
12. How does the skin help regulate body temperature?: The skin contains sensory organs
or receptors for heat and cold. The skin regulates temperature through the process of dilating and constricting blood
vessels and activating or inactivating sweat glands. The sweat glands found in the axillae and external genitalia secrete
fatty acids and proteins and excrete perspiration, which produces a cooling effect as the moisture evaporates from the
skin.
13. What changes take place in the skin as a person ages: With age, both layers of the skin
become thinner and more fragile. As collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis deteriorate, the skin becomes wrinkled.
Sebaceous and sweat gland activity decreases, causing the skin to become dry, scaly, and itchy, and temperature
regulation in hot weather becomes more difficult. As the number and activity of hair follicles and pigment cells
(melanocytes) diminishes, hair becomes thin, turns gray or white, and grows more slowly. Nails thicken and growth
decreases. These changes increase the risk for skin problems.
14. True or false: The professional nurse is responsible for making assessments.-
: True
15. True or false: Assisting with the bath is an excellent time to assess the
patient.: True
16. To inspect for pallor in a dark-skinned person, which areas would you assess
for an ashen gray or yellow color?: For dark-skinned persons, the conjunctivae, buccal mucosa,
tongue, lips, nail beds, palms, and soles should be assessed for pallor.
17. What is the term that means "a bluish color of the skin"?: Cyanosis means a bluish
discoloration of the skin.
18. Name two causes of erythema.: Vasodilation and inflammation are causes of erythema.
19. Where can you best see jaundice?: The sclera of the eyes is the best place to see jaundice
20. True or false: Healthy nails are usually clean, smooth, and convexly curved-
: True
21. List at least three nail changes that occur with aging.: As a person ages, the nails thicken,
become ridged, and may yellow or become concave in shape.
22. List at least four things you should teach clients about self-care of their
nails.: Answer:
Clients should be taught the following self-care of their nails:
ÏInspect the nails daily.
, NURSING FINAL EXAM
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ÏTrim nails with a nail clipper (people with diabetes or circulatory problems should file only, as cutting poses a risk for
injury to the tissues).
ÏFile the nails straight across, rounding the corners slightly to prevent scratching; do not cut deeply into the lateral
corners, as this may cause ingrown nails.
ÏRemove hangnails by carefully cutting them off.
ÏClean under the nails with an orangewood stick or other blunt instrument.
ÏPush back the cuticles gently.
ÏUse a moisturizing lotion to soften cuticles.
ÏAvoid biting nails.
ÏConsult a podiatrist for any ingrown toenails or other nail problems.
ÏRecommend to patients with diabetes, circulatory insufficiency, or nail problems that they seek nail care from a
podiatrist.
23. List at least four assessments you should make of a patient's hair.: The following
assessments should be made on a patient's hair:
ÏUse of special products or medicated shampoos
ÏHistory of hair problems or current conditions necessitating treatment (e.g., pediculosis [head lice])
ÏHistory or presence of disease or therapy that affect the hair (e.g., chemotherapy)
ÏFactors influencing the patient's ability to manage hair and scalp care (e.g., Impaired Mobility)
ÏPersonal or cultural preferences for styling of the hair
ÏCondition, cleanliness, texture, and oiliness of the hair
ÏInspection of the scalp for dandruff, pediculosis, alopecia (hair loss), secretions or lesions
24. What is pediculosis?: Pediculosis is an infestation of head lice
25. What is alopecia?: Alopecia is hair loss.
26. Identify the components of verbal and nonverbal communication.: Verbal com-
munication. Vocabulary, denotative and connotative meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity and brevity, timing and
relevance, credibility, and humor are the components of verbal communication.
ÏNonverbal communication. Facial expression, posture and gait, personal appearance, distance, gestures, and touch
are the components of nonverbal communication.
27. What action should you take when there is a discrepancy between the client's
spoken word and nonverbal body language?: You must discuss the communication discrepancy
with the patient.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_10pqy4
1. How can you estimate a client's tidal volume?: Tidal volume can be estimated by observing
the depth of the client's respirations.
2. What is the range of normal for an adult's respiratory rate?: A rate of 12 to 20 breaths
per minute is normal for adults
3. Besides the rate, what other characteristics of a client's respirations should
you observe?: Depth, rhythm, effort, breath sounds, and chest movement should be observed in addition to
rate.
4. What are some common clinical signs associated with poor oxygenation?: Pal-
lor or cyanosis of the nails, lips, or skin; restlessness; apprehension; confusion; dizziness; fatigue; changes in pulse and
blood pressure; and decreased level of consciousness are associated with poor oxygenation.
5. Which of the Korotkoff sounds would you record as the systolic pressure?: First
6. Which of the Korotkoff sounds would you record as the diastolic pressure?: Fifth
7. A nurse is auscultating a BP. He hears the first sound at 170 mm Hg. The
sound disappears immediately. At 150 mm Hg, the sound appears again and
continues until there is silence at 80 mm Hg. The pressures were taken in the
client's right arm while the client was lying down.
How should the nurse record these pressures?: BP RA, supine, 170/80 with an auscultatory gap
from 170 to 150
8. How do you explain what happened?: An auscultatory gap occurred. A gap is most commonly
heard in hypertensive clients, whose systolic blood pressure is higher than the adult normal limit of 140 mm Hg.
9. Which of the following patients has hypertension? One with a BP of:
150/80 on two separate occasions
180/100 on one occasion
138/88 on two occasions: 150/80 on two separate occasions
10. Which of the following client(s) has/have primary hypertension?
Client A, who is obese and has a high sodium intake
Client B, who is in renal failure
Client C, who has hypertension induced by pregnancy
Client D, who has a family history of hypertension: Client D, who has a family history of
hypertension
, NURSING FINAL EXAM
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_10pqy4
11. What are five functions of the skin?: The skin serves five functions: protection, sensation,
temperature regulation, secretion/excretion, and formation of vitamin D.
12. How does the skin help regulate body temperature?: The skin contains sensory organs
or receptors for heat and cold. The skin regulates temperature through the process of dilating and constricting blood
vessels and activating or inactivating sweat glands. The sweat glands found in the axillae and external genitalia secrete
fatty acids and proteins and excrete perspiration, which produces a cooling effect as the moisture evaporates from the
skin.
13. What changes take place in the skin as a person ages: With age, both layers of the skin
become thinner and more fragile. As collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis deteriorate, the skin becomes wrinkled.
Sebaceous and sweat gland activity decreases, causing the skin to become dry, scaly, and itchy, and temperature
regulation in hot weather becomes more difficult. As the number and activity of hair follicles and pigment cells
(melanocytes) diminishes, hair becomes thin, turns gray or white, and grows more slowly. Nails thicken and growth
decreases. These changes increase the risk for skin problems.
14. True or false: The professional nurse is responsible for making assessments.-
: True
15. True or false: Assisting with the bath is an excellent time to assess the
patient.: True
16. To inspect for pallor in a dark-skinned person, which areas would you assess
for an ashen gray or yellow color?: For dark-skinned persons, the conjunctivae, buccal mucosa,
tongue, lips, nail beds, palms, and soles should be assessed for pallor.
17. What is the term that means "a bluish color of the skin"?: Cyanosis means a bluish
discoloration of the skin.
18. Name two causes of erythema.: Vasodilation and inflammation are causes of erythema.
19. Where can you best see jaundice?: The sclera of the eyes is the best place to see jaundice
20. True or false: Healthy nails are usually clean, smooth, and convexly curved-
: True
21. List at least three nail changes that occur with aging.: As a person ages, the nails thicken,
become ridged, and may yellow or become concave in shape.
22. List at least four things you should teach clients about self-care of their
nails.: Answer:
Clients should be taught the following self-care of their nails:
ÏInspect the nails daily.
, NURSING FINAL EXAM
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_10pqy4
ÏTrim nails with a nail clipper (people with diabetes or circulatory problems should file only, as cutting poses a risk for
injury to the tissues).
ÏFile the nails straight across, rounding the corners slightly to prevent scratching; do not cut deeply into the lateral
corners, as this may cause ingrown nails.
ÏRemove hangnails by carefully cutting them off.
ÏClean under the nails with an orangewood stick or other blunt instrument.
ÏPush back the cuticles gently.
ÏUse a moisturizing lotion to soften cuticles.
ÏAvoid biting nails.
ÏConsult a podiatrist for any ingrown toenails or other nail problems.
ÏRecommend to patients with diabetes, circulatory insufficiency, or nail problems that they seek nail care from a
podiatrist.
23. List at least four assessments you should make of a patient's hair.: The following
assessments should be made on a patient's hair:
ÏUse of special products or medicated shampoos
ÏHistory of hair problems or current conditions necessitating treatment (e.g., pediculosis [head lice])
ÏHistory or presence of disease or therapy that affect the hair (e.g., chemotherapy)
ÏFactors influencing the patient's ability to manage hair and scalp care (e.g., Impaired Mobility)
ÏPersonal or cultural preferences for styling of the hair
ÏCondition, cleanliness, texture, and oiliness of the hair
ÏInspection of the scalp for dandruff, pediculosis, alopecia (hair loss), secretions or lesions
24. What is pediculosis?: Pediculosis is an infestation of head lice
25. What is alopecia?: Alopecia is hair loss.
26. Identify the components of verbal and nonverbal communication.: Verbal com-
munication. Vocabulary, denotative and connotative meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity and brevity, timing and
relevance, credibility, and humor are the components of verbal communication.
ÏNonverbal communication. Facial expression, posture and gait, personal appearance, distance, gestures, and touch
are the components of nonverbal communication.
27. What action should you take when there is a discrepancy between the client's
spoken word and nonverbal body language?: You must discuss the communication discrepancy
with the patient.
