Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review questions with answers

Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review |\ |\ |\ |\




questions with answers |\ |\




metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔low pH, low
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HCO3


metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔high pH,
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high HCO3 |\




respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔low pH, high
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CO2
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respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔high pH,
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low CO2
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metabolic acidosis causes - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed
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acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis
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(circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation),
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Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion
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(salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal
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insufficiency

,metabolic alkalosis causes - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric
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drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic
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therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
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respiratory acidosis causes - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



✔✔Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
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respiratory alkalosis causes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔• |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due
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to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS
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infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning.
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• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates
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hyperventilation (heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
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• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over
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breathing."


Neuro exams include: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-hand
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strength, limb strength |\ |\




-ability to follow commands
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-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
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, -deep pain stimulus response
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-symmetrical and coordinated movement |\ |\ |\




-clear, speech. |\




Acute Bronchitis patho - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔infection
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or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of
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individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder caused by
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viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered
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coarse wheezes on examination without evidence of
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pulmonary consolidation. |\




Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
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Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of
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events is as follows: |\ |\ |\




|\ Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




|\ Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
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|\ Airway inflammation, which leads to
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|\ Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction |\ |\ |\ |\




chronic bronchitis patho - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔characterized by chronic inflammation with |\ |\ |\ |\ |\