CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
GASTROENTERITIS AND POSSIBLE RENAL
INJURY FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
◉ explain basic process of the functioning of kidney. Answer: High-
pressure blood from afferent arteriole→ filtration in glomerulus
(water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, small waste molecules) →
reabsorption in tubules → waste excreted as urine
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - what is it?. Answer: - sudden bacterial
infection that causes inflammation of the kidney tissue (renal
parenchyma — both cortex and medulla) and the collecting system
- It's usually caused by bacteria that start in the lower urinary tract
(like the bladder or urethra) and then travel up to the kidneys
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Causes / Risk factors. Answer: It often
starts as an untreated lower UTI and is more likely to happen in
people with:
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): backward flow of urine from bladder
→ ureters → kidneys
- Urinary obstruction: e.g. from BPH, kidney stones, neurogenic
bladder
- Catheters or other invasive urinary procedures
- Weakened immune systems (elderly, diabetics, etc.)
,◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Pathophysiology. Answer: - Bacteria ascend
from the bladder and infect the renal pelvis and parenchyma.
- The infection triggers inflammation and edema in the kidney
tissue.
- This causes impaired filtration, pain, and sometimes systemic
inflammatory response (SIRS) if bacteria enter the bloodstream →
possible sepsis
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Signs and symptoms. Answer: They can
range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of infection:
Sudden onset fever, chills, Flank pain (often sharp and one-sided)
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness — pain when you tap over
the back of the affected kidney
+ LUTS symptoms
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Diagnostics. Answer: 1. Urinalysis: (+) for
WBCs, nitrites, bacteria, and sometimes blood
2. Urine culture: for antibiotic
3. Blood culture: if bacteremia is suspected
4. Imaging: usually CT scan without contrast if obstruction or
abscess is suspected (Contrast is avoided early on because the
kidneys may not be filtering well → risk of further kidney injury.)
, ◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Treatment. Answer: 1. Antibiotics: IV then
PO when stable
Total course: 14-21 days. Symptoms should begin to improve within
48-72 hours
2. PUSH Fluids: PO 8 glasses/day, or IV (flush bacteria from the
urinary tract and prevent dehydration r/t
permeability/vasodilation)
3. Monitor for Sepsis/SIRS
4. Hospitalization: often required for severe cases, especially if
vomiting, dehydration, or sepsis present
◉ What is Glomerulonephritis (GN)?. Answer: immune-mediated
inflammation of the glomeruli — affects both kidneys equally and
can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term)
◉ GN causes. Answer: develops after or alongside an immune
reaction, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its
own glomeruli
- Post-streptococcal infection (after strep throat or skin infection)
- Autoimmune diseases (like systemic lupus erythematosus,
systemic sclerosis)
- Vasculitis or Goodpasture syndrome
◉ GN Pathophysiology. Answer: immune complexes trapped in
glomeruli → inflammation/vasodilation → increased permeability →
GASTROENTERITIS AND POSSIBLE RENAL
INJURY FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
◉ explain basic process of the functioning of kidney. Answer: High-
pressure blood from afferent arteriole→ filtration in glomerulus
(water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, small waste molecules) →
reabsorption in tubules → waste excreted as urine
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - what is it?. Answer: - sudden bacterial
infection that causes inflammation of the kidney tissue (renal
parenchyma — both cortex and medulla) and the collecting system
- It's usually caused by bacteria that start in the lower urinary tract
(like the bladder or urethra) and then travel up to the kidneys
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Causes / Risk factors. Answer: It often
starts as an untreated lower UTI and is more likely to happen in
people with:
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): backward flow of urine from bladder
→ ureters → kidneys
- Urinary obstruction: e.g. from BPH, kidney stones, neurogenic
bladder
- Catheters or other invasive urinary procedures
- Weakened immune systems (elderly, diabetics, etc.)
,◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Pathophysiology. Answer: - Bacteria ascend
from the bladder and infect the renal pelvis and parenchyma.
- The infection triggers inflammation and edema in the kidney
tissue.
- This causes impaired filtration, pain, and sometimes systemic
inflammatory response (SIRS) if bacteria enter the bloodstream →
possible sepsis
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Signs and symptoms. Answer: They can
range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of infection:
Sudden onset fever, chills, Flank pain (often sharp and one-sided)
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness — pain when you tap over
the back of the affected kidney
+ LUTS symptoms
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Diagnostics. Answer: 1. Urinalysis: (+) for
WBCs, nitrites, bacteria, and sometimes blood
2. Urine culture: for antibiotic
3. Blood culture: if bacteremia is suspected
4. Imaging: usually CT scan without contrast if obstruction or
abscess is suspected (Contrast is avoided early on because the
kidneys may not be filtering well → risk of further kidney injury.)
, ◉ Acute Pyelonephritis - Treatment. Answer: 1. Antibiotics: IV then
PO when stable
Total course: 14-21 days. Symptoms should begin to improve within
48-72 hours
2. PUSH Fluids: PO 8 glasses/day, or IV (flush bacteria from the
urinary tract and prevent dehydration r/t
permeability/vasodilation)
3. Monitor for Sepsis/SIRS
4. Hospitalization: often required for severe cases, especially if
vomiting, dehydration, or sepsis present
◉ What is Glomerulonephritis (GN)?. Answer: immune-mediated
inflammation of the glomeruli — affects both kidneys equally and
can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term)
◉ GN causes. Answer: develops after or alongside an immune
reaction, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its
own glomeruli
- Post-streptococcal infection (after strep throat or skin infection)
- Autoimmune diseases (like systemic lupus erythematosus,
systemic sclerosis)
- Vasculitis or Goodpasture syndrome
◉ GN Pathophysiology. Answer: immune complexes trapped in
glomeruli → inflammation/vasodilation → increased permeability →
