Solutions Manual For Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach 4th Edition By Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig (1)

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
x x x




Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
x x x x x x




by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
x x x x x x x x x x

,Artificial Intelligencex




1 Introduction ...
xxxx x x x




2 Intelligent Agents ...
xxxx x x x x




II Problem-solving
x




3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
xxxx x x x x x x




4 Search in Complex Environments ...
xxxx x x x x x x




5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
xxxx x x x x x x




6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
xxxx x x x x x




III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
x x x x




7 Logical Agents ...
xxxx x x x x




8 First-Order Logic ...
xxxx x x x x




9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
xxxx x x x x x




10 Knowledge Representation ...
xxxx x x x x




11 Automated Planning ...
xxxx x x x x




IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
x x x x




12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
xxxx x x x x




13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
xxxx x x x x




14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
xxxx x x x x x x




15 Probabilistic Programming ...
xxxx x x x x




16 Making Simple Decisions ...
xxxx x x x x x




17 Making Complex Decisions ...
xxxx x x x x x




18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
xxxx x x x x x




V Machine Learning
x x

, 19 Learning from Examples ...
xxxx x x x x x




20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
xxxx x x x x x




21 Deep Learning ...
xxxx x x x x




22 Reinforcement Learning ...
xxxx x x x x




VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
x x x x




23 Natural Language Processing ...
xxxx x x x x x




24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
xxxx x x x x x x x x




25 Computer Vision ...
xxxx x x x x




26 Robotics ...
xxxx x x x




VII Conclusions
x




27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
xxxx x x x x x x x x




28 The Future of AI
xxxx x x x x

, EXERCISES x x




1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be found
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
x x x x x x x x x x x x




1.1 What Is AI?
x x x




Exercise 1.1.#DEFA x




Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x




tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
x x x x




a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply x x x x x x x x x x x




knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




profit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something
x x x x x x x x x x x x x




quantifiable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




range of objectives in complex environments.”
x x x x x x




b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
x x x x x x x x x x x x




perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the current
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




ronment.
x




d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given what
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is perfect
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational- ity and
x x x x x x x x x x x x




proposes an alternative definition.
x x x x




e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such that
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer to
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




anyspecific syntaxorformallanguage, butitdoesrequire awell-definednotion of truth.)
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




Exercise 1.1.#TURI x




Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
x x x x x x x x x x x x x




objections to his proposed enterprise and his testfor intelligence. Which objections stillcarry
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x




© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
x x x x x x x x