CHEM 219 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY MODULE 8 EXAM 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ phenol. Answer: hydroxy-substituted aromatic molecules (any
compound with an -OH attached to a benzene ring)
◉ IUPAC system rules for naming organic alcohols. Answer: - organic
alcohols are named by replacing the suffix of the parent chain of the
molecule with the suffix -ol
- The parent chain is numbered so as to give the hydroxyl group the
lowest possible number. (examples: 1-propanol, and cyclohexanol)
- with unsaturated alcohols the -ol suffix comes last and takes
priority when numbering the parent chain (2-propene-1-ol)
- Molecules with more than one -OH group get a prefix describing
the number of -OH groups added to the IUPAC name. (ethane-1,2-
diol)
◉ Molecules with more than one -OH group. Answer: polyols
,◉ IUPAC rules for phenols. Answer: - the suffix for an alcohol
substituted benzene is "phenol"
- start the numbering at the OH group (so OH is at the 1 position)
(examples: phenol, 3-methylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol)
◉ Why can alcohols form strong hydrogen bonds?. Answer: Due to
the presence of the hydroxyl group, as the O-H bond is highly
polarized by the electronegative oxygen atom. This polarization
places a + charge on the hydrogen atom and a - charge on the oxygen
atom. The polarization in the O-H bond on one alcohol molecule
becomes attracted to the polarization in the O-H bond of another
alcohol molecule.
◉ Why do alcohols have much higher boiling points than other
molecules of similar molecular weight?. Answer: hydrogen bonding
between alcohol molecules
These attractions raise the amount of energy required to vaporize
the liquid-phase molecules (boil), which translates into increased
boiling point temperatures.
, ◉ Alcohol molecules can freely hydrogen bond to other molecules
possessing what groups?. Answer: O-H, N-H, or S-H functional
groupings
◉ How does the water solubility of alcohol molecules change as the
molecular weight changes?. Answer: Alcohol molecules of lower
molecular weight are mostly soluble in water as a result of the
ability to hydrogen bond to OH, NH, or SH groups. As the molecular
weight or carbon-chain length increases, the alcohol molecules
become correspondingly less soluble in water.
◉ How do alcohols and phenols act as weak acids and weak bases?.
Answer: - acts as an acid by donating the O-H proton as H
- acts as a base by accepting H+ using a lone pair on the O atom
◉ amphoteric substances. Answer: Substances that can act as both
acids and bases (alcohols and phenols)
◉ Why is acid dissociation for most alcohols unfavorable (lies
towards the left)?. Answer: Dissociation produces an alkoxide ion
(the conjugate base of an alcohol), which is a very strong base.
◉ How can you conduct acid-base reactions that favor the formation
of weaker conjugate acids/bases?. Answer: To promote (favor) the
formation of the alkoxide ion, the alcohol can be treated with sodium
CHEMISTRY MODULE 8 EXAM 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ phenol. Answer: hydroxy-substituted aromatic molecules (any
compound with an -OH attached to a benzene ring)
◉ IUPAC system rules for naming organic alcohols. Answer: - organic
alcohols are named by replacing the suffix of the parent chain of the
molecule with the suffix -ol
- The parent chain is numbered so as to give the hydroxyl group the
lowest possible number. (examples: 1-propanol, and cyclohexanol)
- with unsaturated alcohols the -ol suffix comes last and takes
priority when numbering the parent chain (2-propene-1-ol)
- Molecules with more than one -OH group get a prefix describing
the number of -OH groups added to the IUPAC name. (ethane-1,2-
diol)
◉ Molecules with more than one -OH group. Answer: polyols
,◉ IUPAC rules for phenols. Answer: - the suffix for an alcohol
substituted benzene is "phenol"
- start the numbering at the OH group (so OH is at the 1 position)
(examples: phenol, 3-methylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol)
◉ Why can alcohols form strong hydrogen bonds?. Answer: Due to
the presence of the hydroxyl group, as the O-H bond is highly
polarized by the electronegative oxygen atom. This polarization
places a + charge on the hydrogen atom and a - charge on the oxygen
atom. The polarization in the O-H bond on one alcohol molecule
becomes attracted to the polarization in the O-H bond of another
alcohol molecule.
◉ Why do alcohols have much higher boiling points than other
molecules of similar molecular weight?. Answer: hydrogen bonding
between alcohol molecules
These attractions raise the amount of energy required to vaporize
the liquid-phase molecules (boil), which translates into increased
boiling point temperatures.
, ◉ Alcohol molecules can freely hydrogen bond to other molecules
possessing what groups?. Answer: O-H, N-H, or S-H functional
groupings
◉ How does the water solubility of alcohol molecules change as the
molecular weight changes?. Answer: Alcohol molecules of lower
molecular weight are mostly soluble in water as a result of the
ability to hydrogen bond to OH, NH, or SH groups. As the molecular
weight or carbon-chain length increases, the alcohol molecules
become correspondingly less soluble in water.
◉ How do alcohols and phenols act as weak acids and weak bases?.
Answer: - acts as an acid by donating the O-H proton as H
- acts as a base by accepting H+ using a lone pair on the O atom
◉ amphoteric substances. Answer: Substances that can act as both
acids and bases (alcohols and phenols)
◉ Why is acid dissociation for most alcohols unfavorable (lies
towards the left)?. Answer: Dissociation produces an alkoxide ion
(the conjugate base of an alcohol), which is a very strong base.
◉ How can you conduct acid-base reactions that favor the formation
of weaker conjugate acids/bases?. Answer: To promote (favor) the
formation of the alkoxide ion, the alcohol can be treated with sodium
