lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Week 1 (Ch. 1, 20, 21, 26, 28)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
• Pathophysiology – study of functional or physiological changes in the body that result from a
disease process o Patho – physical o Physi – functional o Ology – study
• Homeostasis – the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of
external changes o When homeostasis is not maintained disease may develop
• Health: physical, mental, and social well-being
• Disease: deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
• Seven Steps to Health o Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke
o Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower fat foods. Limit alcohol intake o
Physical activity on a regular basis o Protection from the sun o Follow cancer screening guidelines
o Doctor or dentist visit if any changes in the normal state of health
o Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous
materials
• Stages if Research Process o Stage 1 “basic science”
Identification of technology to be used
Work done in the laboratory
Might require animal or cell/tissue cultures o Stage 2 – small number of human subjects
o Stage 3 – clinical trials
Involving a large # of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
“double blind studies”
• Basic terminology o Gross level – organ/system level o Microscopic level – cellular level o
Biopsy – excision of small amounts of living tissue o Autopsy – examination of the body and
organs after death
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
• Disease prognosis o Prognosis defines the probability of likelihood for recovery or other
outcomes
• Cellular adaptations o Hyperplasia – increased # of cells – results in enlarged tissue mass o
Metaplasia – mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type o Dysplasia – cells
vary in size and shape within a tissue
o Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures o
Neoplasia – “new growth” aka - tumor
• Cell Damage o Apoptosis – programmed o
cell death o Ischemia – deficit of oxygen in Ho
the calls o Hypoxia – reduced oxygen in m
tissues eo
o Pyroptosis – results in lysis causing nearby inflammation –
• Medical terminology o Hyper – sa
high/increased o Hypo - low o Phleb - vein
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
me/balance o Tri – three o Patho - disease
o Dys – abnormal/difficulty o A/an –
not/without/missing
Chapter 20: Neoplasms and Cancer
Terminology
o – plasia – formation/growth o – oxia - oxygen o – itis -
inflammation o – stasis - same o – somy - chromosome o –
ology – study of o – pnea - breathing o – emia - iron
o Differentiation – each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions o Mitosis – part
of the cell cycle
Requires genetic control – DNA and RNA o Mutation – if DNA in the parent cell is altered and
passed on, offspring cells will carry the mutation o Apoptosis – programmed cell death, controlled by
genetic elements
• Neoplasms (tumor)
o Cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic controls o Cell continues to
reproduce without the need for them to reproduce o Deprives other cells of nutrition o
May consist of atypical or immature cells o Characteristics of each tumor depend on
Type of cell from which the tumor arises
Unique structure and growth pattern
• Nomenclature
o Benign tumors have tissue names plus the suffix -oma o Malignant tumors (cancers) have
the tissue name play the suffix -carcinoma o Tumors of connective tissue are usually
termed sarcomas are often malignant o Several malignant tumors have unique names:
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Week 1 (Ch. 1, 20, 21, 26, 28)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
• Pathophysiology – study of functional or physiological changes in the body that result from a
disease process o Patho – physical o Physi – functional o Ology – study
• Homeostasis – the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of
external changes o When homeostasis is not maintained disease may develop
• Health: physical, mental, and social well-being
• Disease: deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
• Seven Steps to Health o Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke
o Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower fat foods. Limit alcohol intake o
Physical activity on a regular basis o Protection from the sun o Follow cancer screening guidelines
o Doctor or dentist visit if any changes in the normal state of health
o Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous
materials
• Stages if Research Process o Stage 1 “basic science”
Identification of technology to be used
Work done in the laboratory
Might require animal or cell/tissue cultures o Stage 2 – small number of human subjects
o Stage 3 – clinical trials
Involving a large # of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
“double blind studies”
• Basic terminology o Gross level – organ/system level o Microscopic level – cellular level o
Biopsy – excision of small amounts of living tissue o Autopsy – examination of the body and
organs after death
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
• Disease prognosis o Prognosis defines the probability of likelihood for recovery or other
outcomes
• Cellular adaptations o Hyperplasia – increased # of cells – results in enlarged tissue mass o
Metaplasia – mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type o Dysplasia – cells
vary in size and shape within a tissue
o Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures o
Neoplasia – “new growth” aka - tumor
• Cell Damage o Apoptosis – programmed o
cell death o Ischemia – deficit of oxygen in Ho
the calls o Hypoxia – reduced oxygen in m
tissues eo
o Pyroptosis – results in lysis causing nearby inflammation –
• Medical terminology o Hyper – sa
high/increased o Hypo - low o Phleb - vein
, lOMoAR cPSD| 47061011
me/balance o Tri – three o Patho - disease
o Dys – abnormal/difficulty o A/an –
not/without/missing
Chapter 20: Neoplasms and Cancer
Terminology
o – plasia – formation/growth o – oxia - oxygen o – itis -
inflammation o – stasis - same o – somy - chromosome o –
ology – study of o – pnea - breathing o – emia - iron
o Differentiation – each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions o Mitosis – part
of the cell cycle
Requires genetic control – DNA and RNA o Mutation – if DNA in the parent cell is altered and
passed on, offspring cells will carry the mutation o Apoptosis – programmed cell death, controlled by
genetic elements
• Neoplasms (tumor)
o Cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic controls o Cell continues to
reproduce without the need for them to reproduce o Deprives other cells of nutrition o
May consist of atypical or immature cells o Characteristics of each tumor depend on
Type of cell from which the tumor arises
Unique structure and growth pattern
• Nomenclature
o Benign tumors have tissue names plus the suffix -oma o Malignant tumors (cancers) have
the tissue name play the suffix -carcinoma o Tumors of connective tissue are usually
termed sarcomas are often malignant o Several malignant tumors have unique names:
