PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 4 ACADEMIC
ASSESSMENT TEST BANK AND SIMULATED
QUESTIONS 2026.
◍ Normal Findings for a Skin Assessment. Ans: - skin color should
be normal for ethnicity and the same (objective)
- skin temperature should be warm
- skin turgor should be elastic
best time to assess skin is when bathing, helping the patient use the
restroom, etc
◍ Changes in Skin Color. Ans: *Pallor* (pale; loss of color)
- due to lack of blood flow, anemia, shock, etc
*Cyanosis* (blue tint)
- late sign of hypoxia or impaired venous return
*Jaundice* (yellow-orange tint)
- liver dysfunction or RBC destruction
*Erythema* (redness)
- inflammation, rash, sun exposure, etc
◍ Etiology of Wounds. Ans: - *caused by external pressure that
impairs blood flow* (tissue ischemia over a bony part)
,- caused by forces that tear and injure vessels (shearing forces and
pressure)
◍ shearing forces. Ans: two surfaces rub together and the friction
causes skin breakdown
◍ Risk Factors that Impair Skin Integrity. Ans: - shearing & friction
(due to poor lifting techniques and incorrect positioning)
- immobility
- fecal & urinary incontinence
- decreased mental status
- inadequate nutrition (*protein*)
- obesity
- smoking
◍ Preventative Measures to Reduce Pressure Ulcers. Ans: -
providing nutrition (*protein*, vit c, minerals, Cu, Zn)
- maintaining skin hygiene
- *smooth, firm, wrinkle-free sheets*
- frequent shifts in position (*turn q 2 hrs in bed or q hour in chair*)
- proper lifting (best is using lift equipment)
- providing supportive devices
◍ Existing Pressure Injuries. Ans: MUST BE ASSESSED FOR
UPON ADMISSION!!
,- prolong treatment for other problems
- increase healthcare costs
- diminish the client's quality of life
- can become so severe that the patient becomes septic and dies
◍ Documentation of Wounds. Ans: ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS
- location (EXACT; use clock method)
- size, presence of undermining
- stage
- color of wound bed, location of necrosis or eschar
- condition of wound margins
- integrity of surrounding skin
- clinical signs of infection
- client complaints of pain/discomfort
- signs of infection
◍ approximated. Ans: closed, with the wound's edges touching each
other
◍ separated. Ans: open wound
◍ Risk Assessment Tools for Wounds. Ans: *Braden Scale for
Predicting Pressure Sore Risk*
- 23 total possible points
, - <18 = at risk
- >19 = low risk
Norton Scale
Waterlow Scale
Use: upon admission, at discharge, if there's a change in condition
◍ Pressure Injury Stages. Ans: - Deep tissue pressure injury
- Stage 1: non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
- Stage 2: partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis
- Stage 3: full-thickness skin loss
- Stage 4: full-thickness skin and tissue loss
- Unstageable, obscured, full-thickness skin and tissue loss
◍ Stage 1 Pressure Injury. Ans: *Non-blanchable erythema of intact
skin*
- just the epidermis
- the *skin stays red/pink after you push on it*
- feels warmer or cooler than the adjacent tissue
- swollen with different texture
Treatment: pressure-relieving devices, encourage turning, better
nutrition
ASSESSMENT TEST BANK AND SIMULATED
QUESTIONS 2026.
◍ Normal Findings for a Skin Assessment. Ans: - skin color should
be normal for ethnicity and the same (objective)
- skin temperature should be warm
- skin turgor should be elastic
best time to assess skin is when bathing, helping the patient use the
restroom, etc
◍ Changes in Skin Color. Ans: *Pallor* (pale; loss of color)
- due to lack of blood flow, anemia, shock, etc
*Cyanosis* (blue tint)
- late sign of hypoxia or impaired venous return
*Jaundice* (yellow-orange tint)
- liver dysfunction or RBC destruction
*Erythema* (redness)
- inflammation, rash, sun exposure, etc
◍ Etiology of Wounds. Ans: - *caused by external pressure that
impairs blood flow* (tissue ischemia over a bony part)
,- caused by forces that tear and injure vessels (shearing forces and
pressure)
◍ shearing forces. Ans: two surfaces rub together and the friction
causes skin breakdown
◍ Risk Factors that Impair Skin Integrity. Ans: - shearing & friction
(due to poor lifting techniques and incorrect positioning)
- immobility
- fecal & urinary incontinence
- decreased mental status
- inadequate nutrition (*protein*)
- obesity
- smoking
◍ Preventative Measures to Reduce Pressure Ulcers. Ans: -
providing nutrition (*protein*, vit c, minerals, Cu, Zn)
- maintaining skin hygiene
- *smooth, firm, wrinkle-free sheets*
- frequent shifts in position (*turn q 2 hrs in bed or q hour in chair*)
- proper lifting (best is using lift equipment)
- providing supportive devices
◍ Existing Pressure Injuries. Ans: MUST BE ASSESSED FOR
UPON ADMISSION!!
,- prolong treatment for other problems
- increase healthcare costs
- diminish the client's quality of life
- can become so severe that the patient becomes septic and dies
◍ Documentation of Wounds. Ans: ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS
- location (EXACT; use clock method)
- size, presence of undermining
- stage
- color of wound bed, location of necrosis or eschar
- condition of wound margins
- integrity of surrounding skin
- clinical signs of infection
- client complaints of pain/discomfort
- signs of infection
◍ approximated. Ans: closed, with the wound's edges touching each
other
◍ separated. Ans: open wound
◍ Risk Assessment Tools for Wounds. Ans: *Braden Scale for
Predicting Pressure Sore Risk*
- 23 total possible points
, - <18 = at risk
- >19 = low risk
Norton Scale
Waterlow Scale
Use: upon admission, at discharge, if there's a change in condition
◍ Pressure Injury Stages. Ans: - Deep tissue pressure injury
- Stage 1: non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
- Stage 2: partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis
- Stage 3: full-thickness skin loss
- Stage 4: full-thickness skin and tissue loss
- Unstageable, obscured, full-thickness skin and tissue loss
◍ Stage 1 Pressure Injury. Ans: *Non-blanchable erythema of intact
skin*
- just the epidermis
- the *skin stays red/pink after you push on it*
- feels warmer or cooler than the adjacent tissue
- swollen with different texture
Treatment: pressure-relieving devices, encourage turning, better
nutrition
