PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 EXAM TEST
PAPER 2026 EXAM STUDY GUIDE FULL
SOLUTION 100% CORRECT.
⫸ what happens when the inflammation is initiated? Answer: 1st:
vasoconstriction to slow everything down
2nd: vasodilation
⫸ vasoconstriction Answer: during an inflammation response,
vasoconstriction slows everything down.
reduce blood flow, which is good if hemorrhaging
increase resistance and slow things down
⫸ vasodilation Answer: Increase permeability
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are going to constrict and now
fluid can flow through them.
,By constricting endothelial cells, it increases the gaps between these
cells and fluid can move through as well as WBC.
⫸ exudate Answer: constricting endothelial cells, it increases the gaps
between these cells and fluid can move through as well as WBC, this
provides fluid into that area
⫸ hemorrhagic exudate Answer: RBC
red hepatization
⫸ red hepatization Answer: means that you have RBCs that are
clotting in a lung lobe/lobule and it has the consistency of a liver.
Pneumonia is a bacteria infection and you flood this with RBC and
clot them so now anything that's in there is stuck and will not spread
to any other lobes of the lung
⫸ Purulent Answer: = WBC
If it becomes white and milky, this means it's lymphatic.
He talked about someone who had a patient and the family kept
sneaking in whoppers after he had pulmonary surgery, he was
,supposed to just eat jello. This caused the exudate to be lymphatic, it
was milky consistency and was accumulating in the lungs. The fat
goes into the lymphatic system and then they go into the blood.
⫸ Serous solution = Answer: just fluid
⫸ Fibrous = Answer: clotting agents (fibrin), gel-like
⫸ mast cells Answer: come from basophils
distributed throughout the whole body
involved in type 1 sensitivity
⫸ mast cell triggers Answer: 1- armed with IgE
2- Complement pieces
3- chemical injury
4- physical injury
⫸ 1. Armed with IgE Answer: When an allergen binds to that, the IgE
changes shape and then the receptor changes shape and then
histamine is released among other things.
⫸ 2- complement pieces Answer: all of the pieces that floated off the
complement pathway can activate a mast cell.
, The pieces are chemotactic and call in neutrophils but if there is a
mast cell in the area, the mast cell will sense the pieces and be
triggered and release all of its stuff.
⫸ 3. Chemical injury
When neutrophils come, they start releasing stuff: Answer: O2
radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroxy chlorite
Hydrolytic enzymes
⫸ O2 radicals and Hydrogen peroxide interact with _______ to form
______ Answer: chloride
hydroxy chlorite (clorox)
⫸ neutrophils release:
O2 radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroxy chlorite
Hydrolytic enzymes
which can cause Answer: injury
PAPER 2026 EXAM STUDY GUIDE FULL
SOLUTION 100% CORRECT.
⫸ what happens when the inflammation is initiated? Answer: 1st:
vasoconstriction to slow everything down
2nd: vasodilation
⫸ vasoconstriction Answer: during an inflammation response,
vasoconstriction slows everything down.
reduce blood flow, which is good if hemorrhaging
increase resistance and slow things down
⫸ vasodilation Answer: Increase permeability
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are going to constrict and now
fluid can flow through them.
,By constricting endothelial cells, it increases the gaps between these
cells and fluid can move through as well as WBC.
⫸ exudate Answer: constricting endothelial cells, it increases the gaps
between these cells and fluid can move through as well as WBC, this
provides fluid into that area
⫸ hemorrhagic exudate Answer: RBC
red hepatization
⫸ red hepatization Answer: means that you have RBCs that are
clotting in a lung lobe/lobule and it has the consistency of a liver.
Pneumonia is a bacteria infection and you flood this with RBC and
clot them so now anything that's in there is stuck and will not spread
to any other lobes of the lung
⫸ Purulent Answer: = WBC
If it becomes white and milky, this means it's lymphatic.
He talked about someone who had a patient and the family kept
sneaking in whoppers after he had pulmonary surgery, he was
,supposed to just eat jello. This caused the exudate to be lymphatic, it
was milky consistency and was accumulating in the lungs. The fat
goes into the lymphatic system and then they go into the blood.
⫸ Serous solution = Answer: just fluid
⫸ Fibrous = Answer: clotting agents (fibrin), gel-like
⫸ mast cells Answer: come from basophils
distributed throughout the whole body
involved in type 1 sensitivity
⫸ mast cell triggers Answer: 1- armed with IgE
2- Complement pieces
3- chemical injury
4- physical injury
⫸ 1. Armed with IgE Answer: When an allergen binds to that, the IgE
changes shape and then the receptor changes shape and then
histamine is released among other things.
⫸ 2- complement pieces Answer: all of the pieces that floated off the
complement pathway can activate a mast cell.
, The pieces are chemotactic and call in neutrophils but if there is a
mast cell in the area, the mast cell will sense the pieces and be
triggered and release all of its stuff.
⫸ 3. Chemical injury
When neutrophils come, they start releasing stuff: Answer: O2
radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroxy chlorite
Hydrolytic enzymes
⫸ O2 radicals and Hydrogen peroxide interact with _______ to form
______ Answer: chloride
hydroxy chlorite (clorox)
⫸ neutrophils release:
O2 radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroxy chlorite
Hydrolytic enzymes
which can cause Answer: injury
