Physiology Exam 1 (BIOL 325) || 100% Correct Answers.
Organic molecules contain correct answers a C-H bond
The organic elements are correct answers C, H, O, N, P, S
Organics are generally complex molecules, such as correct answers macromolecules, vitamins,
neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs
Organic elements make up ___ percent of body mass correct answers 97
Most of the macromolecules in our body are correct answers proteins (17% body mass) or lipids
(15%) body mass
Inorganics are generally ____ correct answers salts. AKA: electrolytes. Don't forget that H2O is
an inorganic molecule
Major inorganic elements of the body include correct answers Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and Mg2+
(all together make up about 3% body mass)
The inorganic molecule mostly found INSIDE of the cell is correct answers K+ (about 140
mOsmol) and Mg2+ (31 mOsmol)
The inorganic molecules mostly found OUTSIDE of the cell are correct answers Na+ (140
mOsmol), Cl- (140 mOsmol), Ca+ (2.4 mOsmol),
Ca2+ concentration inside the cell is correct answers 0.0001 mOsmol
The 11 inorganic elements found in very small amounts in the body are correct answers trace
elements. They usually function as cofactors for proteins
The three inorganic poisons are correct answers lead, mercury, and platinum
Chemical interactions in order of decreasing strength correct answers covalent bonds (non-polar
and polar), ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophilic (charged or partial charged) examples are correct answers water, inorganic ions,
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins
Hydrophobic (non-polar) examples are correct answers fats, cholesterol, and proteins
The definition of amphiphilic is correct answers a molecule that contains both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic domains
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of lipids? correct answers - C, H,
O, N, P
,- glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate
- membranes, signaling, fuel
- triglycerides, phospholipids
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of proteins? correct answers - C,
H, O, N, S
- amino acids
- structure, enzymes, fuel
- albumin, hemoglobin, keratin, ion channels, transporters
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of carbohydrates? correct
answers - C, H, O
- simple sugar
- fuel
- glucose, glycogen, glycoproteins, glycolipids
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of nucleic acids? correct answers
- C, H, O, N, P
- nucleotides
- store information, enzymes (RNA), energy (ATP)
- DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP
A triglyceride (lipid) is the correct answers most concentrated source of stored energy
3 fatty acid chains w/ 1 glycerol head
formed via dehydration synthesis
Plasma membrane correct answers selectively permeable membrane that keeps the chemistry
outside and inside cell separate
Peripheral membrane proteins are located correct answers mostly outside the membrane
Integral membrane proteins are located correct answers inside the membrane
Transmembrane proteins are correct answers ionic channels, chemical signals, involved with
cell-cell interactions
Phospholipids have a ___ head and a ___ tail, so they are considered amphiphiles. correct
answers hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
What process turns hydrophobic tails into free fatty acids, and therefore disrupts the biological
membrane? correct answers Alkaline hydrolysis
Things like bleach and Oxyclean oxidize hydrocarbons, which causes correct answers disruption
of the biological membrane
, ___ of the ____ total amino acids are essential (meaning we cannot make them) correct answers
9 of the 20
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed in a process called correct answers dehydration
synthesis (and broken through hydrolysis)
The four levels of protein structure are stabilized by correct answers - primary = covalent bonds
- secondary = hydrogen bonds
- tertiary and quaternary = all types of bonds and hydrophobic interactions
What binds to a GPCR (normally on the membrane) to activate a downstream event? correct
answers a ligand
Two examples of the structural use of proteins are correct answers microfilaments and
microtubules
___ are classified according to size correct answers carbohydrates
____ are simple sugars, ____ is a double sugar, and ____ is a long chain of simple sugars linked
by dehydration synthesis correct answers monosaccharide (examples are glucose, fructose,
galactose and ribose), disaccharide (examples are maltose and lactose), polysaccharides
(examples are glycogen and starch)
A nucleotide is made up of 3 parts, which are correct answers a phosphate group, a sugar, and a
base (purine or pyrimidine)
To form a nucleotide, two ___ reactions will take place correct answers dehydration
___ bonds are down the backbone of DNA, while ___ bonds are between nucleotides correct
answers covalent, hydrogen (AT has 2 H bonds, CG has 3 H bonds)
The three types of RNA are correct answers messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
ATP and GTP are nucleotides that provide energy when the phosphate bond breaks. GTP is
special because correct answers it can turn G-proteins on. After it loses a phosphate group, GDP
can turn the G-protein off
The purpose of the fluid mosaic model is to show correct answers lipid bilayers have many
different components that are constantly moving. Some areas may be more stable than others
___ keeps phospholipid bilayer membranes fluid correct answers cholesterol. Humans make their
own cholesterol and do not need to consume it
1/3 of the total proteins in a human are found in ___ correct answers membranes
Organic molecules contain correct answers a C-H bond
The organic elements are correct answers C, H, O, N, P, S
Organics are generally complex molecules, such as correct answers macromolecules, vitamins,
neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs
Organic elements make up ___ percent of body mass correct answers 97
Most of the macromolecules in our body are correct answers proteins (17% body mass) or lipids
(15%) body mass
Inorganics are generally ____ correct answers salts. AKA: electrolytes. Don't forget that H2O is
an inorganic molecule
Major inorganic elements of the body include correct answers Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and Mg2+
(all together make up about 3% body mass)
The inorganic molecule mostly found INSIDE of the cell is correct answers K+ (about 140
mOsmol) and Mg2+ (31 mOsmol)
The inorganic molecules mostly found OUTSIDE of the cell are correct answers Na+ (140
mOsmol), Cl- (140 mOsmol), Ca+ (2.4 mOsmol),
Ca2+ concentration inside the cell is correct answers 0.0001 mOsmol
The 11 inorganic elements found in very small amounts in the body are correct answers trace
elements. They usually function as cofactors for proteins
The three inorganic poisons are correct answers lead, mercury, and platinum
Chemical interactions in order of decreasing strength correct answers covalent bonds (non-polar
and polar), ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophilic (charged or partial charged) examples are correct answers water, inorganic ions,
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins
Hydrophobic (non-polar) examples are correct answers fats, cholesterol, and proteins
The definition of amphiphilic is correct answers a molecule that contains both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic domains
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of lipids? correct answers - C, H,
O, N, P
,- glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate
- membranes, signaling, fuel
- triglycerides, phospholipids
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of proteins? correct answers - C,
H, O, N, S
- amino acids
- structure, enzymes, fuel
- albumin, hemoglobin, keratin, ion channels, transporters
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of carbohydrates? correct
answers - C, H, O
- simple sugar
- fuel
- glucose, glycogen, glycoproteins, glycolipids
What are the elements, building blocks, functions, and example of nucleic acids? correct answers
- C, H, O, N, P
- nucleotides
- store information, enzymes (RNA), energy (ATP)
- DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP
A triglyceride (lipid) is the correct answers most concentrated source of stored energy
3 fatty acid chains w/ 1 glycerol head
formed via dehydration synthesis
Plasma membrane correct answers selectively permeable membrane that keeps the chemistry
outside and inside cell separate
Peripheral membrane proteins are located correct answers mostly outside the membrane
Integral membrane proteins are located correct answers inside the membrane
Transmembrane proteins are correct answers ionic channels, chemical signals, involved with
cell-cell interactions
Phospholipids have a ___ head and a ___ tail, so they are considered amphiphiles. correct
answers hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
What process turns hydrophobic tails into free fatty acids, and therefore disrupts the biological
membrane? correct answers Alkaline hydrolysis
Things like bleach and Oxyclean oxidize hydrocarbons, which causes correct answers disruption
of the biological membrane
, ___ of the ____ total amino acids are essential (meaning we cannot make them) correct answers
9 of the 20
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed in a process called correct answers dehydration
synthesis (and broken through hydrolysis)
The four levels of protein structure are stabilized by correct answers - primary = covalent bonds
- secondary = hydrogen bonds
- tertiary and quaternary = all types of bonds and hydrophobic interactions
What binds to a GPCR (normally on the membrane) to activate a downstream event? correct
answers a ligand
Two examples of the structural use of proteins are correct answers microfilaments and
microtubules
___ are classified according to size correct answers carbohydrates
____ are simple sugars, ____ is a double sugar, and ____ is a long chain of simple sugars linked
by dehydration synthesis correct answers monosaccharide (examples are glucose, fructose,
galactose and ribose), disaccharide (examples are maltose and lactose), polysaccharides
(examples are glycogen and starch)
A nucleotide is made up of 3 parts, which are correct answers a phosphate group, a sugar, and a
base (purine or pyrimidine)
To form a nucleotide, two ___ reactions will take place correct answers dehydration
___ bonds are down the backbone of DNA, while ___ bonds are between nucleotides correct
answers covalent, hydrogen (AT has 2 H bonds, CG has 3 H bonds)
The three types of RNA are correct answers messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
ATP and GTP are nucleotides that provide energy when the phosphate bond breaks. GTP is
special because correct answers it can turn G-proteins on. After it loses a phosphate group, GDP
can turn the G-protein off
The purpose of the fluid mosaic model is to show correct answers lipid bilayers have many
different components that are constantly moving. Some areas may be more stable than others
___ keeps phospholipid bilayer membranes fluid correct answers cholesterol. Humans make their
own cholesterol and do not need to consume it
1/3 of the total proteins in a human are found in ___ correct answers membranes
