NBME CBSE ACTUAL TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
⩥ Polio live v killed vaccine. Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
⩥ Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx. Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
⩥ Lung maturity determined with. Answer: Amniocentesis of
Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
⩥ Type I pneumocytes. Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
⩥ Elastase in lungs. Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
,⩥ Elastin stretches and recoils due to. Answer: Lysine interchain
crosslinks
⩥ air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC. Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
⩥ Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during. Answer: Exhale of Tidal
Volume
⩥ Lung Compliance is decreased by. Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
⩥ Lung Compliance is increased by. Answer: emphysema, age
⩥ Obesity affects ERV and FRC. Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
⩥ Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic). Answer: pulmonary =
systemic
⩥ Anatomic pulmonary shunting. Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
,than in pulmonary capillaries
⩥ More ventilation is at the. Answer: BASE
⩥ O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift. Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
⩥ O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift. Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG,
high T
HOT, ACIDIC
⩥ CO2 transport to lungs. Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
⩥ CO poisoning causes. Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
⩥ Cyanide poisoning causes. Answer: lactic acidosis
, ⩥ How to treat cyanide poisoning. Answer: *Amyl nitrite* -->
Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
⩥ Normal A-a gradient. Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
⩥ Increased A-a gradient. Answer: *Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
⩥ AT --> AT II
where and how. Answer: ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
⩥ C5a induces what. Answer: PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
⩥ Korotkoff sound. Answer: BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
⩥ Polio live v killed vaccine. Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
⩥ Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx. Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
⩥ Lung maturity determined with. Answer: Amniocentesis of
Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
⩥ Type I pneumocytes. Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
⩥ Elastase in lungs. Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
,⩥ Elastin stretches and recoils due to. Answer: Lysine interchain
crosslinks
⩥ air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC. Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
⩥ Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during. Answer: Exhale of Tidal
Volume
⩥ Lung Compliance is decreased by. Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
⩥ Lung Compliance is increased by. Answer: emphysema, age
⩥ Obesity affects ERV and FRC. Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
⩥ Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic). Answer: pulmonary =
systemic
⩥ Anatomic pulmonary shunting. Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
,than in pulmonary capillaries
⩥ More ventilation is at the. Answer: BASE
⩥ O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift. Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
⩥ O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift. Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG,
high T
HOT, ACIDIC
⩥ CO2 transport to lungs. Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
⩥ CO poisoning causes. Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
⩥ Cyanide poisoning causes. Answer: lactic acidosis
, ⩥ How to treat cyanide poisoning. Answer: *Amyl nitrite* -->
Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
⩥ Normal A-a gradient. Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
⩥ Increased A-a gradient. Answer: *Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
⩥ AT --> AT II
where and how. Answer: ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
⩥ C5a induces what. Answer: PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
⩥ Korotkoff sound. Answer: BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
