U of A Pathophysiology NURS 3314 Test 1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Alteration in DNA Correct Answers -DNA can sometimes be
repaired by the cell
-Damaged nitrogen base can be replaced
-DNA alterations or mutations are changes in nucleotide
sequences, as well as deletions or insertions of nucleotides.
-These changes can represent the change of base sequences in a
codon, leading to a change in the protein structure.
-For example, a nucleotide base substitution results in a different
amino acid being included in hemoglobin formation, leading to
the development of sickle cell anemia.
Aneuploidy Correct Answers -Abnormal number of
chromosomes
-Example: trisomy 21
3 copies of the 21st chromosome instead of 2
Aneurysm Correct Answers 1) Weakening of the artery wall
2) Hypertension can weaken and rupture the artery wall.
3) Turbulent blood flow through the aneurysm; makes wall
susceptible to rupture
4) Common sites of aneurysm: aorta and cerebral arteries
Apoptosis Correct Answers 1) This is a genetically
programmed degenerative change that results in cell death.
2) Example: Ovaries undergo apoptosis in females age 55.
5) Example: WBCs undergo apoptosis after their participation in
an inflammatory reaction.
,Atrophy Correct Answers Decreased Cell Size
Example: large muscle ----> disuse ----> smaller muscle
Autosomal inheritance Correct Answers 1) Dominant vs.
recessive - An allele can carry a dominant trait or a recessive
trait (eg, brown eyes = dominant and blue eyes = recessive).
2) Punnett square can be used to determine inheritance
3) Example: Eye color, sickle cell
Basic Changes That Occur in Cell Injury Correct Answers 1)
Dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
2) Loss of plasma membrane integrity
3) Defects in protein synthesis ability
4) Intracellular accumulations
5) Genetic damage
Benefits of Exercise Correct Answers Increases metabolic rate
Prevents obesity
Lowers BP and pulse rate
Increases venous return
Enhances glucose uptake
Enhances peristalsis
Leads to angiogenesis; builds collateral vessels
Endothelial nitric oxide vasodilation
Lowers levels of fibrinogen (decreases clot formation)
Increases levels of HDL
Increases # of mitochondria in muscle
Increases ventilation capacity
Increases bone density
Raises endorphin levels
, Biopsy Correct Answers cell sample from an organ or mass of
tissue to allow for histological examination
Body-Mind Connection Correct Answers Theorists:
Hans Selye
Walter Cannon
Bruce McEwen
Cancer Caused by Virus Correct Answers -Another way that
cancer occurs is through viral insertion of an oncogene.
-For example, the human papilloma virus (HPV) inserts its DNA
into the DNA of cervix cells. When activated, this DNA
stimulates the abnormal growth cycle associated with cancer
cells.
- Additionally, it inhibits the action of p53, a tumor suppressor
gene. This is the mechanism for the development of cervical
cancer from HPV infection.
Cancer Correct Answers Benign: Cells resemble normal cells
and do not spread; tissue is well-delineated and easily removed.
Malignant: Cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites,
highly invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated.
Causes of Cell Injury Correct Answers 1) Hypoxic cell injury
2) Free radical injury (oxidative stress)
3) Physical agents of injury
4) Chemical injury
5) Infectious agent injury
6) Injurious immunological reactions
Complete Solutions
Alteration in DNA Correct Answers -DNA can sometimes be
repaired by the cell
-Damaged nitrogen base can be replaced
-DNA alterations or mutations are changes in nucleotide
sequences, as well as deletions or insertions of nucleotides.
-These changes can represent the change of base sequences in a
codon, leading to a change in the protein structure.
-For example, a nucleotide base substitution results in a different
amino acid being included in hemoglobin formation, leading to
the development of sickle cell anemia.
Aneuploidy Correct Answers -Abnormal number of
chromosomes
-Example: trisomy 21
3 copies of the 21st chromosome instead of 2
Aneurysm Correct Answers 1) Weakening of the artery wall
2) Hypertension can weaken and rupture the artery wall.
3) Turbulent blood flow through the aneurysm; makes wall
susceptible to rupture
4) Common sites of aneurysm: aorta and cerebral arteries
Apoptosis Correct Answers 1) This is a genetically
programmed degenerative change that results in cell death.
2) Example: Ovaries undergo apoptosis in females age 55.
5) Example: WBCs undergo apoptosis after their participation in
an inflammatory reaction.
,Atrophy Correct Answers Decreased Cell Size
Example: large muscle ----> disuse ----> smaller muscle
Autosomal inheritance Correct Answers 1) Dominant vs.
recessive - An allele can carry a dominant trait or a recessive
trait (eg, brown eyes = dominant and blue eyes = recessive).
2) Punnett square can be used to determine inheritance
3) Example: Eye color, sickle cell
Basic Changes That Occur in Cell Injury Correct Answers 1)
Dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
2) Loss of plasma membrane integrity
3) Defects in protein synthesis ability
4) Intracellular accumulations
5) Genetic damage
Benefits of Exercise Correct Answers Increases metabolic rate
Prevents obesity
Lowers BP and pulse rate
Increases venous return
Enhances glucose uptake
Enhances peristalsis
Leads to angiogenesis; builds collateral vessels
Endothelial nitric oxide vasodilation
Lowers levels of fibrinogen (decreases clot formation)
Increases levels of HDL
Increases # of mitochondria in muscle
Increases ventilation capacity
Increases bone density
Raises endorphin levels
, Biopsy Correct Answers cell sample from an organ or mass of
tissue to allow for histological examination
Body-Mind Connection Correct Answers Theorists:
Hans Selye
Walter Cannon
Bruce McEwen
Cancer Caused by Virus Correct Answers -Another way that
cancer occurs is through viral insertion of an oncogene.
-For example, the human papilloma virus (HPV) inserts its DNA
into the DNA of cervix cells. When activated, this DNA
stimulates the abnormal growth cycle associated with cancer
cells.
- Additionally, it inhibits the action of p53, a tumor suppressor
gene. This is the mechanism for the development of cervical
cancer from HPV infection.
Cancer Correct Answers Benign: Cells resemble normal cells
and do not spread; tissue is well-delineated and easily removed.
Malignant: Cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites,
highly invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated.
Causes of Cell Injury Correct Answers 1) Hypoxic cell injury
2) Free radical injury (oxidative stress)
3) Physical agents of injury
4) Chemical injury
5) Infectious agent injury
6) Injurious immunological reactions
