ORTHOTICS CPM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS.
PHYSICAL EXAM - (answer)
Hip Flexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 120-130 degrees
Position: Supine with hips extended
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal
axis of femur
Motion: Bend hip and knee up towards the chest and leave contralateral leg flat on table
Thomas Test - (answer)Test for hip flexion contracture
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal
axis of femur
Procedure:
1) Bring both legs up towards the chest
2) Lower one leg to table while keeping other flexed
The angle between the table and the extended leg determines the amount of hip flexion contracture
Hip Extension ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone with hips relaxed
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral
longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Lift leg off of the table towards the buttocks
Straight Leg Raise - (answer)Testing for proximal hamstring tightness
Normal: 90 degrees
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on longitudinal
axis of femur
,ORTHOTICS CPM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS.
Procedure: Raise the leg upwards, making sure to keep knee extended and contralateral leg straight on
table
Hip Abduction/Adduction ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees abduction & 30 degrees
adduction
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on the ASIS, stationary arm horizontal ASIS to ASIS, mobile arm anterior longitudinal
axis of femur
Procedure: ABD - will all joints extended, move leg away from midline; ADD - move towards and past
midline
Internal/External Hip Rotation ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Sitting
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to floor, mobilizing arm anterior
longitudinal axis of tibia (midline)
Procedure: Keep pelvis level; INT: move leg out and away from midline; EXT: move leg out and towards
the midline
Femoral Anteversion Testing - (answer)Normal: 20 degrees
Position: Prone with hip extended and knee flexed 90 degrees
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to floor, mobile arm anterior
longitudinal axis of tibia
Procedure: Rotate the limb to the point of max trochanteric prominence
Knee Flexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 135 degrees
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis through lateral epicondyle, stationary arm lateral longitudinal axis of femur, mobile
arm longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Bend knee up towards buttocks as far as possible
, ORTHOTICS CPM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS.
Knee Extension ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone or supine
Goniometer: Axis at lateral epicondyle, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal axis of femur, mobile
arm along longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Extend knee
Ankle Dorsiflexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 20 degrees
Position: Supine; knee bent and knee straight (test for gastric tightness)
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal
axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Align subtalar joint in neutral to slight inversion while bending foot up
Ankle Plantarflexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Supine with knee straight
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal
axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Keep knee extended, move foot down towards table
Hindfoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 5 degrees each
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis on posterior calcaneus, stationary arm parallel to posterior longitudinal axis of tibia,
mobile arm parallel to line bisecting calcaneus into right and left halves
Procedure: Bring hindfoot medially (inversion) or laterally (eversion)
Forefoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 35 degrees INV & 15 degrees EV
Position: Supine or sitting
Goniometer: Axis midway between malleoli, stationary arm parallel to anterior longitudinal axis of tibia,
mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of 2nd metatarsal
Procedure: Knee flexed or extended, bring forefoot medial (inversion) or lateral (eversion)
SOLUTIONS.
PHYSICAL EXAM - (answer)
Hip Flexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 120-130 degrees
Position: Supine with hips extended
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal
axis of femur
Motion: Bend hip and knee up towards the chest and leave contralateral leg flat on table
Thomas Test - (answer)Test for hip flexion contracture
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral longitudinal
axis of femur
Procedure:
1) Bring both legs up towards the chest
2) Lower one leg to table while keeping other flexed
The angle between the table and the extended leg determines the amount of hip flexion contracture
Hip Extension ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone with hips relaxed
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on lateral
longitudinal axis of femur
Procedure: Lift leg off of the table towards the buttocks
Straight Leg Raise - (answer)Testing for proximal hamstring tightness
Normal: 90 degrees
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on GT, stationary arm on lateral longitudinal axis of trunk, mobile arm on longitudinal
axis of femur
,ORTHOTICS CPM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS.
Procedure: Raise the leg upwards, making sure to keep knee extended and contralateral leg straight on
table
Hip Abduction/Adduction ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees abduction & 30 degrees
adduction
Position: Supine
Goniometer: Axis on the ASIS, stationary arm horizontal ASIS to ASIS, mobile arm anterior longitudinal
axis of femur
Procedure: ABD - will all joints extended, move leg away from midline; ADD - move towards and past
midline
Internal/External Hip Rotation ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Sitting
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to floor, mobilizing arm anterior
longitudinal axis of tibia (midline)
Procedure: Keep pelvis level; INT: move leg out and away from midline; EXT: move leg out and towards
the midline
Femoral Anteversion Testing - (answer)Normal: 20 degrees
Position: Prone with hip extended and knee flexed 90 degrees
Goniometer: Axis on middle patella, stationary arm perpendicular to floor, mobile arm anterior
longitudinal axis of tibia
Procedure: Rotate the limb to the point of max trochanteric prominence
Knee Flexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 135 degrees
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis through lateral epicondyle, stationary arm lateral longitudinal axis of femur, mobile
arm longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Bend knee up towards buttocks as far as possible
, ORTHOTICS CPM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS.
Knee Extension ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 0 degrees
Position: Prone or supine
Goniometer: Axis at lateral epicondyle, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal axis of femur, mobile
arm along longitudinal axis of fibula
Procedure: Extend knee
Ankle Dorsiflexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 20 degrees
Position: Supine; knee bent and knee straight (test for gastric tightness)
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal
axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Align subtalar joint in neutral to slight inversion while bending foot up
Ankle Plantarflexion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 45 degrees
Position: Supine with knee straight
Goniometer: Axis just distal and posterior to lateral malleolus, stationary arm along lateral longitudinal
axis of fibula, mobile arm along lateral longitudinal axis of 5th metatarsal
Procedure: Keep knee extended, move foot down towards table
Hindfoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 5 degrees each
Position: Prone
Goniometer: Axis on posterior calcaneus, stationary arm parallel to posterior longitudinal axis of tibia,
mobile arm parallel to line bisecting calcaneus into right and left halves
Procedure: Bring hindfoot medially (inversion) or laterally (eversion)
Forefoot Inversion/Eversion ROM Testing - (answer)Normal ROM: 35 degrees INV & 15 degrees EV
Position: Supine or sitting
Goniometer: Axis midway between malleoli, stationary arm parallel to anterior longitudinal axis of tibia,
mobile arm anterior longitudinal axis of 2nd metatarsal
Procedure: Knee flexed or extended, bring forefoot medial (inversion) or lateral (eversion)
