HIM 111 Exam 4 Study Guide Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2026/2027
What is a lymph node? - Answers A collection of stationary lymphatic tissue along lymph
vessels that filters lymph and houses immune cells.
What is the thoracic duct? - Answers A large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower
and left side of the body into the bloodstream.
What is the spleen? - Answers An organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys
worn-out erythrocytes, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
What is the adenoid? - Answers A mass of lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx that
helps protect against pathogens.
What is the thymus? - Answers A lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to
react to foreign cells in the immune response.
What are lymphatic capillaries? - Answers The tiniest lymphatic vessels that collect excess
interstitial fluid and transport it to larger lymphatic vessels.
What is the right lymphatic duct? - Answers A large lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains
lymph from the upper right part of the body.
What is interstitial fluid? - Answers Fluid in the spaces between cells that provides nutrients and
removes waste.
Cytotoxic T cells - Answers A type of T cell that directly kills foreign cells, such as infected or
cancerous cells.
Lymphocytes that directly act on antigens - Answers These are T cells, specifically helper T cells
and cytotoxic T cells, which recognize and respond to antigens.
CD4 + T cells - Answers A type of helper T cell that is crucial for the immune response and is
deficient in people with AIDS.
Lymphocytes that mature into plasma cells - Answers These are B cells, which differentiate into
plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
Type of immunity where B cells produce antibodies after exposure to antigens - Answers This is
known as humoral immunity.
Type of immunity that recognizes and remembers specific antigens - Answers This is referred
to as adaptive immunity.
What is a plasma cell? - Answers A lymphocyte that matures from a B lymphocyte and secretes
antibodies.
,What is a macrophage? - Answers A large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of
the body.
What is a helper T cell? - Answers A CD4+ T cell that aids B cells in recognizing antigens.
What is a regulatory T cell (Treg)? - Answers A T cell that inhibits the activity of B and T
lymphocytes.
What are complement proteins? - Answers Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells
kill their target.
What is an antigen-presenting cell? - Answers A cell that shows B cells and T cells what to
attack.
Immunoglobulins - Answers Proteins produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies to
identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
Toxins - Answers Poisonous substances produced by living cells or organisms that can cause
disease or harm to other organisms.
Helper T cells - Answers A type of T cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response by
activating other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Suppressor T cells - Answers Also known as regulatory T cells, these cells help regulate and
suppress the immune response to maintain homeostasis and prevent autoimmune diseases.
Cytotoxic T cells - Answers A type of T cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells by
recognizing specific antigens presented on their surfaces.
Plasma cells - Answers Differentiated B cells that produce and secrete large volumes of
antibodies in response to an antigen.
Interferons and interleukins - Answers Types of cytokines; interferons are proteins that help
cells resist viral infections, while interleukins are involved in communication between white
blood cells to regulate immune responses.
Removal of the spleen - Answers The surgical procedure known as splenectomy, which involves
the removal of the spleen.
Enlargement of the spleen - Answers A condition known as splenomegaly, where the spleen
becomes larger than normal.
Formation of lymph - Answers The process by which interstitial fluid is collected and
transformed into lymph, which is a fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.
Tumor of the thymus gland - Answers A growth or neoplasm in the thymus gland, which can be
benign or malignant, often referred to as thymoma.
, Inflammation of lymph glands (nodes) - Answers A condition known as lymphadenitis,
characterized by swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes due to infection or other causes.
Deficiency of lymph cells - Answers A condition known as lymphopenia, which is characterized
by a lower than normal number of lymphocytes in the blood.
Pertaining to poison - Answers The term 'toxic' refers to substances that are harmful or lethal to
living organisms.
Disease of lymph glands (nodes) - Answers A condition affecting the lymph nodes, often
referred to as lymphadenopathy, which can indicate infection, malignancy, or other diseases.
What is Kaposi's Sarcoma? - Answers A malignant condition associated with AIDS
characterized by purplish skin nodules.
What is HIV? - Answers Human Immunodeficiency Virus; the retrovirus that causes AIDS.
What are CD4 T cells? - Answers White blood cells that are destroyed by the AIDS virus, crucial
for the immune response.
What are opportunistic infections? - Answers A group of infectious diseases that occur more
frequently and are more severe in individuals with AIDS.
What is a viral load test? - Answers A test that measures the amount of HIV in the blood.
What is wasting syndrome? - Answers Weight loss accompanied by decreased muscular
strength, appetite, and mental activity, often seen in AIDS patients.
What is reverse transcriptase inhibitor? - Answers A drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an
enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
What is a protease inhibitor? - Answers A drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of
an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV.
What is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? - Answers The use of combinations of
drugs to treat AIDS effectively.
What is an HIV antibody test? - Answers A test used to detect the presence of anti-HIV
antibodies in the blood.
Autoimmune diseases - Answers Chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of
antibodies to normal tissue.
Atopy - Answers A hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Answers A malignant tumor of lymph nodes; follicular and large cell
are types of this disease.
What is a lymph node? - Answers A collection of stationary lymphatic tissue along lymph
vessels that filters lymph and houses immune cells.
What is the thoracic duct? - Answers A large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower
and left side of the body into the bloodstream.
What is the spleen? - Answers An organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys
worn-out erythrocytes, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
What is the adenoid? - Answers A mass of lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx that
helps protect against pathogens.
What is the thymus? - Answers A lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to
react to foreign cells in the immune response.
What are lymphatic capillaries? - Answers The tiniest lymphatic vessels that collect excess
interstitial fluid and transport it to larger lymphatic vessels.
What is the right lymphatic duct? - Answers A large lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains
lymph from the upper right part of the body.
What is interstitial fluid? - Answers Fluid in the spaces between cells that provides nutrients and
removes waste.
Cytotoxic T cells - Answers A type of T cell that directly kills foreign cells, such as infected or
cancerous cells.
Lymphocytes that directly act on antigens - Answers These are T cells, specifically helper T cells
and cytotoxic T cells, which recognize and respond to antigens.
CD4 + T cells - Answers A type of helper T cell that is crucial for the immune response and is
deficient in people with AIDS.
Lymphocytes that mature into plasma cells - Answers These are B cells, which differentiate into
plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
Type of immunity where B cells produce antibodies after exposure to antigens - Answers This is
known as humoral immunity.
Type of immunity that recognizes and remembers specific antigens - Answers This is referred
to as adaptive immunity.
What is a plasma cell? - Answers A lymphocyte that matures from a B lymphocyte and secretes
antibodies.
,What is a macrophage? - Answers A large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of
the body.
What is a helper T cell? - Answers A CD4+ T cell that aids B cells in recognizing antigens.
What is a regulatory T cell (Treg)? - Answers A T cell that inhibits the activity of B and T
lymphocytes.
What are complement proteins? - Answers Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells
kill their target.
What is an antigen-presenting cell? - Answers A cell that shows B cells and T cells what to
attack.
Immunoglobulins - Answers Proteins produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies to
identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
Toxins - Answers Poisonous substances produced by living cells or organisms that can cause
disease or harm to other organisms.
Helper T cells - Answers A type of T cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response by
activating other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Suppressor T cells - Answers Also known as regulatory T cells, these cells help regulate and
suppress the immune response to maintain homeostasis and prevent autoimmune diseases.
Cytotoxic T cells - Answers A type of T cell that directly kills infected or cancerous cells by
recognizing specific antigens presented on their surfaces.
Plasma cells - Answers Differentiated B cells that produce and secrete large volumes of
antibodies in response to an antigen.
Interferons and interleukins - Answers Types of cytokines; interferons are proteins that help
cells resist viral infections, while interleukins are involved in communication between white
blood cells to regulate immune responses.
Removal of the spleen - Answers The surgical procedure known as splenectomy, which involves
the removal of the spleen.
Enlargement of the spleen - Answers A condition known as splenomegaly, where the spleen
becomes larger than normal.
Formation of lymph - Answers The process by which interstitial fluid is collected and
transformed into lymph, which is a fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.
Tumor of the thymus gland - Answers A growth or neoplasm in the thymus gland, which can be
benign or malignant, often referred to as thymoma.
, Inflammation of lymph glands (nodes) - Answers A condition known as lymphadenitis,
characterized by swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes due to infection or other causes.
Deficiency of lymph cells - Answers A condition known as lymphopenia, which is characterized
by a lower than normal number of lymphocytes in the blood.
Pertaining to poison - Answers The term 'toxic' refers to substances that are harmful or lethal to
living organisms.
Disease of lymph glands (nodes) - Answers A condition affecting the lymph nodes, often
referred to as lymphadenopathy, which can indicate infection, malignancy, or other diseases.
What is Kaposi's Sarcoma? - Answers A malignant condition associated with AIDS
characterized by purplish skin nodules.
What is HIV? - Answers Human Immunodeficiency Virus; the retrovirus that causes AIDS.
What are CD4 T cells? - Answers White blood cells that are destroyed by the AIDS virus, crucial
for the immune response.
What are opportunistic infections? - Answers A group of infectious diseases that occur more
frequently and are more severe in individuals with AIDS.
What is a viral load test? - Answers A test that measures the amount of HIV in the blood.
What is wasting syndrome? - Answers Weight loss accompanied by decreased muscular
strength, appetite, and mental activity, often seen in AIDS patients.
What is reverse transcriptase inhibitor? - Answers A drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an
enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
What is a protease inhibitor? - Answers A drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of
an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV.
What is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? - Answers The use of combinations of
drugs to treat AIDS effectively.
What is an HIV antibody test? - Answers A test used to detect the presence of anti-HIV
antibodies in the blood.
Autoimmune diseases - Answers Chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of
antibodies to normal tissue.
Atopy - Answers A hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Answers A malignant tumor of lymph nodes; follicular and large cell
are types of this disease.
