● Vocab Review : Gender and Sex
○ Sex refers to a person’s biological status (typically assigned at birth)
○ Gender is a social construct of norms, behaviors, and roles
■ Changes between societies over time (ex - men and high heels)
○ Gender Identity is one’s own internal sense of self and their gender (invisible to
outside observer)
○ Gender Expression is how a person presents gender outwardly (visible to outside
observer)
■ Cisgender and transgender
■ Non-binary
■ Agender - a person who does not identify as any gender
○ Sexuality - the capacity for sexual feelings
○ Sexual Orientation - straight, gay, lesbian, bi-sexual, pansexual, asexual etc.
● Feminism (3 main branches)
○ First Wave, 19th Century
○ Labor-based, workers movements
○ Second Wave Radical Feminism (1960s)
○ Any advocacy for gender equality
● Misogyny and Misandry
○ Hate towards women (negative thoughts or feelings)
○ Misandry is similar to misogyny but it’s the same feelings towards men (not
feminism)
● Views on Women Over Time : The One Sex Model
○ Aristotle : believed women were imperfect men
■ Women had to expel a lot of liquids (breastfeeding, period, etc)
■ They were cooler (cold) ; couldn’t grow a penis
○ Galen : argued female genitals were basically just male genitalia turned inside out
○ This one-sex model prevailed into Early Modern Europe
○ Intersex individuals posed a challenge
■ Have both forms of genitalia
○ Ambrose Pare recorded a case of a pubescent girl sprouting a penis because of
“swift violent movement”
● Reproduction and Sex
○ Sex had to be reproductive
■ Had the idea that women had to cum too like a man (orgasm)
■ Did not understand ovulation
■ Thought that if a man and woman orgasmed at the same time = babies
○ Unable to separate pleasure from reproduction
○ Excluded women from politics
○ Sex refers to a person’s biological status (typically assigned at birth)
○ Gender is a social construct of norms, behaviors, and roles
■ Changes between societies over time (ex - men and high heels)
○ Gender Identity is one’s own internal sense of self and their gender (invisible to
outside observer)
○ Gender Expression is how a person presents gender outwardly (visible to outside
observer)
■ Cisgender and transgender
■ Non-binary
■ Agender - a person who does not identify as any gender
○ Sexuality - the capacity for sexual feelings
○ Sexual Orientation - straight, gay, lesbian, bi-sexual, pansexual, asexual etc.
● Feminism (3 main branches)
○ First Wave, 19th Century
○ Labor-based, workers movements
○ Second Wave Radical Feminism (1960s)
○ Any advocacy for gender equality
● Misogyny and Misandry
○ Hate towards women (negative thoughts or feelings)
○ Misandry is similar to misogyny but it’s the same feelings towards men (not
feminism)
● Views on Women Over Time : The One Sex Model
○ Aristotle : believed women were imperfect men
■ Women had to expel a lot of liquids (breastfeeding, period, etc)
■ They were cooler (cold) ; couldn’t grow a penis
○ Galen : argued female genitals were basically just male genitalia turned inside out
○ This one-sex model prevailed into Early Modern Europe
○ Intersex individuals posed a challenge
■ Have both forms of genitalia
○ Ambrose Pare recorded a case of a pubescent girl sprouting a penis because of
“swift violent movement”
● Reproduction and Sex
○ Sex had to be reproductive
■ Had the idea that women had to cum too like a man (orgasm)
■ Did not understand ovulation
■ Thought that if a man and woman orgasmed at the same time = babies
○ Unable to separate pleasure from reproduction
○ Excluded women from politics
