Clinical Microbiology 1 2025/2026 Exam
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
Latest Update
PILI OR FIMBRIAE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria; shorter
than flagella and usually uniform in length; Common pili: for adherence or
attachment to host cells; Sex pili: for gene conjugation (transfer of genetic
material); Usually found in gram (-) bacteria like E. coli, N. gonorrhoeae,
Pseudomonas.
BACTERIA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Prokaryotic (organisms with no true nucleus);
Has both RNA and DNA; Multiplies by Binary fission; Measured in μm;
Average size: 0.4-2 μm; Smallest living organism: genus Mycoplasma;
,Largest living organism: genus Bacillus; Produce either exotoxins or
endotoxins; Toxins: are biologically produced poisons.
ENDOSPORES - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria;
Bacteria with spores: Bacillus and Clostridium;
Usually produced by gram negative organisms.
EXOTOXINS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Released by all major gram positive
organisms except: Listeria; Usually excreted or released by living bacterial
cells; does not require cell death for release.
ENDOTOXINS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Released only when cells are destroyed
(cell death/lysis); Gram negative said to produce exotoxin: Vibrio and E.
coli.
C. tetani - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has terminally located spores.
C. botulinum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has subterminal spores.
B. anthracis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has centrally located spores.
Resistant structure - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Enabling bacteria to withstand adverse
conditions; target of sterilization.
,Best way to destroy spores - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Is by autoclaving.
Resistant due to - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid.
FLAGELLA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria; For locomotion;
longer than pili; Many bacilli and spiral are motile while true motility is
seldom observed in cocci.
Composition of flagella - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Protein and polysaccharide.
MOTILE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. coli and H. pylori.
NON-MOTILE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔C. tetani.
Limulus lysate test - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Used to detect the presence of
endotoxin; Uses aqueous extract of blood cells of horse shoe crabs.
Cytotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Kills host cells.
Enterotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Damages cells of the GIT (i.e. E. coli and S.
aureus).
Neurotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interferes with nerve impulses.
Brownian movement - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Movement of non-motile organisms
due to the movement of molecules surrounding them.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Axial filaments/periplasmic flagella - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔In spiral organisms.
Microscopes used to visualize spirochetes - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔(1)
Fluorescence microscope & (2) Dark field microscope.
Hanging drop - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Place a loopful of inoculum on a cover slip;
invert the coverslip on a depression slide and observe under the
microscope using LPO.
CAPSULE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Slimy area surrounding the cell wall;
Responsible for mucoid colonies (encapsulated bacteria); Function:
prevents phagocytosis.
Neufeld Quellung Test - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A capsular swelling test; Used to
determine if an organism is encapsulated.
Capsule (+) examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Classification of bacteria according to flagella - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Monotrichous: single flagellum at one end; Amphitrichous: single
flagellum at both ends; Atrichous: absence of flagella; Lophotrichous: tuft of
flagella at one or both ends; Peritrichous: surrounded with flagella.
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
Latest Update
PILI OR FIMBRIAE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria; shorter
than flagella and usually uniform in length; Common pili: for adherence or
attachment to host cells; Sex pili: for gene conjugation (transfer of genetic
material); Usually found in gram (-) bacteria like E. coli, N. gonorrhoeae,
Pseudomonas.
BACTERIA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Prokaryotic (organisms with no true nucleus);
Has both RNA and DNA; Multiplies by Binary fission; Measured in μm;
Average size: 0.4-2 μm; Smallest living organism: genus Mycoplasma;
,Largest living organism: genus Bacillus; Produce either exotoxins or
endotoxins; Toxins: are biologically produced poisons.
ENDOSPORES - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria;
Bacteria with spores: Bacillus and Clostridium;
Usually produced by gram negative organisms.
EXOTOXINS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Released by all major gram positive
organisms except: Listeria; Usually excreted or released by living bacterial
cells; does not require cell death for release.
ENDOTOXINS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Released only when cells are destroyed
(cell death/lysis); Gram negative said to produce exotoxin: Vibrio and E.
coli.
C. tetani - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has terminally located spores.
C. botulinum - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has subterminal spores.
B. anthracis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Has centrally located spores.
Resistant structure - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Enabling bacteria to withstand adverse
conditions; target of sterilization.
,Best way to destroy spores - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Is by autoclaving.
Resistant due to - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid.
FLAGELLA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Not common to all bacteria; For locomotion;
longer than pili; Many bacilli and spiral are motile while true motility is
seldom observed in cocci.
Composition of flagella - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Protein and polysaccharide.
MOTILE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. coli and H. pylori.
NON-MOTILE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔C. tetani.
Limulus lysate test - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Used to detect the presence of
endotoxin; Uses aqueous extract of blood cells of horse shoe crabs.
Cytotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Kills host cells.
Enterotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Damages cells of the GIT (i.e. E. coli and S.
aureus).
Neurotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Interferes with nerve impulses.
Brownian movement - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Movement of non-motile organisms
due to the movement of molecules surrounding them.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Axial filaments/periplasmic flagella - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔In spiral organisms.
Microscopes used to visualize spirochetes - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔(1)
Fluorescence microscope & (2) Dark field microscope.
Hanging drop - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Place a loopful of inoculum on a cover slip;
invert the coverslip on a depression slide and observe under the
microscope using LPO.
CAPSULE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Slimy area surrounding the cell wall;
Responsible for mucoid colonies (encapsulated bacteria); Function:
prevents phagocytosis.
Neufeld Quellung Test - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A capsular swelling test; Used to
determine if an organism is encapsulated.
Capsule (+) examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Classification of bacteria according to flagella - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Monotrichous: single flagellum at one end; Amphitrichous: single
flagellum at both ends; Atrichous: absence of flagella; Lophotrichous: tuft of
flagella at one or both ends; Peritrichous: surrounded with flagella.
