APEA Pharmacology Actual Exam Newest Actual Exam
With Complete 100 Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
Low vitamin D
Monitor calcium
Folic Acid
Recommended for all pts 30 days prior to attempting to conceive: needed immediately for fetal
development
2 classes of PO contraceptives
1. COC (combined oral contraceptives): contains both estrogen and progesterone
2. POP (progesterone only pill)
PO Contraceptive Drug interactions
Interact with most antibiotics and most anti-seizure meds.
Educate to use alternate contraceptive while taking antibiotics and up to next period
PO contraceptive education
Most anti-seizure meds are teratogenic and reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives
Contraindications of combined oral contraceptives
Estrogen can increase risk of clots, so contraindicated in pts with history of DVT, high BMI, smoking,
sedentary lifestyle
Progesterone Only Pill considerations
Must be taken at same time every day to be effective, not as effective as combined pill
Emergency contraception
Plan B - must be taken ASAP (only effective first 3-5 days), less effective in pts with elevated BMI
Alpha Blockers example
Example: Tamsulosin
,BPH
Common, 80% of all men over 80y get it
2 first line drug classes for BPH:
Alpha blockers: prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin
5 alpha reductase inhibitors: finasteride
Big side effect of alpha blockers
Erectile dysfunction
Treatment of erectile dysfunction
PDE5 inhibitor - Viagra, Cialis
- sildenafil cannot be taken with nitroglycerin
Gout Meds example
Example: colchicine
Gout
Is more common in men, mostly in big toe; treatment is either acute or chronic
Acute treatment of Gout
NSAIDs, steroids (systemic, direct injection), colchicine (only used within 24-48h of outbreak)
Chronic treatment of Gout
For pts that get more than 2-3 attacks per year: preventive treatment with alopurinol or probenecid,
sometimes colchicine
Vasopressors
Anything that increases the support of the CV system (not synonymous with vasoconstrictors -
constrictors specifically activate alpha 1)
Vasoconstrictors
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine
Vasopressors (not constrictors)
Dobutamine, isoproterenol
Beta 1
Heart (stronger, faster contractions)
Beta 2
, Lungs (dilation and increased RR)
Alpha
Vasoconstriction (why we give lido with epi to control bleeding)
Neuromuscular blockers (Paralytics) examples
Rocuronium, Succinylcholine, Vecuronium
Paralytics considerations
1. Must be given with analgesic/sedative
2. Must ventilate, can't breathe on their own
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing -> fasciculations; kicks in 30-60s, only lasts few minutes
Rocuronium
30-60min duration
Vecuronium
Longest duration
Loop Diuretics example
Example: furosemide
Loop diuretics side effects
Ototoxicity; fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Loop diuretics MOA
Work in Loop of Henle: increase sodium, chloride, and water that stays in nephron, thereby leaving the
body
Most potent diuretic
Thiazide Diuretics example
chlorthalidone (more potent/preferred over HCTZ)
Thiazide Diuretics
Same action as loop diuretics, but they do it in the distal convoluted tubule instead of in loop of Henle,
so they're less effective
Most common diuretic
Other diuretics
With Complete 100 Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
Low vitamin D
Monitor calcium
Folic Acid
Recommended for all pts 30 days prior to attempting to conceive: needed immediately for fetal
development
2 classes of PO contraceptives
1. COC (combined oral contraceptives): contains both estrogen and progesterone
2. POP (progesterone only pill)
PO Contraceptive Drug interactions
Interact with most antibiotics and most anti-seizure meds.
Educate to use alternate contraceptive while taking antibiotics and up to next period
PO contraceptive education
Most anti-seizure meds are teratogenic and reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives
Contraindications of combined oral contraceptives
Estrogen can increase risk of clots, so contraindicated in pts with history of DVT, high BMI, smoking,
sedentary lifestyle
Progesterone Only Pill considerations
Must be taken at same time every day to be effective, not as effective as combined pill
Emergency contraception
Plan B - must be taken ASAP (only effective first 3-5 days), less effective in pts with elevated BMI
Alpha Blockers example
Example: Tamsulosin
,BPH
Common, 80% of all men over 80y get it
2 first line drug classes for BPH:
Alpha blockers: prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin
5 alpha reductase inhibitors: finasteride
Big side effect of alpha blockers
Erectile dysfunction
Treatment of erectile dysfunction
PDE5 inhibitor - Viagra, Cialis
- sildenafil cannot be taken with nitroglycerin
Gout Meds example
Example: colchicine
Gout
Is more common in men, mostly in big toe; treatment is either acute or chronic
Acute treatment of Gout
NSAIDs, steroids (systemic, direct injection), colchicine (only used within 24-48h of outbreak)
Chronic treatment of Gout
For pts that get more than 2-3 attacks per year: preventive treatment with alopurinol or probenecid,
sometimes colchicine
Vasopressors
Anything that increases the support of the CV system (not synonymous with vasoconstrictors -
constrictors specifically activate alpha 1)
Vasoconstrictors
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine
Vasopressors (not constrictors)
Dobutamine, isoproterenol
Beta 1
Heart (stronger, faster contractions)
Beta 2
, Lungs (dilation and increased RR)
Alpha
Vasoconstriction (why we give lido with epi to control bleeding)
Neuromuscular blockers (Paralytics) examples
Rocuronium, Succinylcholine, Vecuronium
Paralytics considerations
1. Must be given with analgesic/sedative
2. Must ventilate, can't breathe on their own
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing -> fasciculations; kicks in 30-60s, only lasts few minutes
Rocuronium
30-60min duration
Vecuronium
Longest duration
Loop Diuretics example
Example: furosemide
Loop diuretics side effects
Ototoxicity; fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Loop diuretics MOA
Work in Loop of Henle: increase sodium, chloride, and water that stays in nephron, thereby leaving the
body
Most potent diuretic
Thiazide Diuretics example
chlorthalidone (more potent/preferred over HCTZ)
Thiazide Diuretics
Same action as loop diuretics, but they do it in the distal convoluted tubule instead of in loop of Henle,
so they're less effective
Most common diuretic
Other diuretics
