BIOLOGY 111 FINAL EXAMS ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔electron - ✔✔are negatively charged particles.
✔✔isotopes - ✔✔are atoms with the same number of protons but differ in number of
neutrons.
✔✔molecule - ✔✔union of two or more atoms of the same element.
✔✔compound - ✔✔two or more different elements react or bond together.
✔✔atomic mass - ✔✔the sum of protons and neutrons.
✔✔atomic number - ✔✔number of protons.
✔✔ionic bond - ✔✔form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
✔✔covalent bond - ✔✔form when two atoms share electrons
✔✔nonpolar covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons is equal.
✔✔polar covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons is unequal.
✔✔isomers - ✔✔are molecules with identical molecular formulas but differ in
arrangement of their atoms.
✔✔enzymes - ✔✔are proteins that act as organic catalysts to speed chemical reactions
within cells.
✔✔monomer - ✔✔small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer. ex: glucose is a
monomer of starch.
✔✔polymer - ✔✔are the large macromolecules composed of three to millions of
monomer subunits.
✔✔organic molecule - ✔✔molecule that always contain carbon and hydrogen together.
✔✔inorganic molecule - ✔✔molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen
together.
✔✔dehydration synthesis - ✔✔a water is removed and a bond is made (synthesis).
, ✔✔hydrolysis - ✔✔splitting of a bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one
molecule and the OH- going to the other.
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
✔✔lipids - ✔✔class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents;
includes fats and oils.
✔✔proteins - ✔✔molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides.
✔✔nucleic acids - ✔✔polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
✔✔nucleus - ✔✔command center of cell.
✔✔chromatin - ✔✔contains DNA of genes.
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Composed of rRNA.
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔is a system of membrane channels continous with outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope.
✔✔rough ER - ✔✔is studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
✔✔smooth ER - ✔✔lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids
✔✔golgi apparatus - ✔✔stack of membranous saccules; processes, packages, and
distributes proteins and lipids.
✔✔lysosome - ✔✔vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes; digests macromolecules and
cell parts.
✔✔peroxisome - ✔✔vesicle containing specific enzymes; breaks down fatty acids and
convert resulting hydrogen peroxide to water
✔✔vacuole - ✔✔membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle, functions in storage of
metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure.
✔✔mitochondrion - ✔✔membrane-bounded organelle that carries out cellular
respiration, producing ATP molecules.
✔✔chloroplast - ✔✔membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane; carries out
photosynthesis, producing sugars
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔electron - ✔✔are negatively charged particles.
✔✔isotopes - ✔✔are atoms with the same number of protons but differ in number of
neutrons.
✔✔molecule - ✔✔union of two or more atoms of the same element.
✔✔compound - ✔✔two or more different elements react or bond together.
✔✔atomic mass - ✔✔the sum of protons and neutrons.
✔✔atomic number - ✔✔number of protons.
✔✔ionic bond - ✔✔form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
✔✔covalent bond - ✔✔form when two atoms share electrons
✔✔nonpolar covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons is equal.
✔✔polar covalent bonds - ✔✔sharing of electrons is unequal.
✔✔isomers - ✔✔are molecules with identical molecular formulas but differ in
arrangement of their atoms.
✔✔enzymes - ✔✔are proteins that act as organic catalysts to speed chemical reactions
within cells.
✔✔monomer - ✔✔small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer. ex: glucose is a
monomer of starch.
✔✔polymer - ✔✔are the large macromolecules composed of three to millions of
monomer subunits.
✔✔organic molecule - ✔✔molecule that always contain carbon and hydrogen together.
✔✔inorganic molecule - ✔✔molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen
together.
✔✔dehydration synthesis - ✔✔a water is removed and a bond is made (synthesis).
, ✔✔hydrolysis - ✔✔splitting of a bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one
molecule and the OH- going to the other.
✔✔carbohydrates - ✔✔class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
✔✔lipids - ✔✔class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents;
includes fats and oils.
✔✔proteins - ✔✔molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides.
✔✔nucleic acids - ✔✔polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
✔✔nucleus - ✔✔command center of cell.
✔✔chromatin - ✔✔contains DNA of genes.
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Composed of rRNA.
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔is a system of membrane channels continous with outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope.
✔✔rough ER - ✔✔is studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
✔✔smooth ER - ✔✔lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids
✔✔golgi apparatus - ✔✔stack of membranous saccules; processes, packages, and
distributes proteins and lipids.
✔✔lysosome - ✔✔vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes; digests macromolecules and
cell parts.
✔✔peroxisome - ✔✔vesicle containing specific enzymes; breaks down fatty acids and
convert resulting hydrogen peroxide to water
✔✔vacuole - ✔✔membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle, functions in storage of
metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure.
✔✔mitochondrion - ✔✔membrane-bounded organelle that carries out cellular
respiration, producing ATP molecules.
✔✔chloroplast - ✔✔membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane; carries out
photosynthesis, producing sugars
