WJEC CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 4 2026
EXAMINATION TEST COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Judicial Precedent Answer: Law made by judges. When deciding
cases, judges must follow judgements in previous similar cases.
Lower courts must follow higher courts.
◉ What was the precedent from Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)
Answer: Donoghue v Stevenson: Mrs Donoghue suffered nervous
shock upon discovering a decomposed snail in her bottle of
lemonade. The court decided that the manufacturer of the lemonade
owed a "duty of care" to Mrs Donoghue.
◉ Statutory Interpretation Answer: Judges create law when they
interpret the wording of statutes.
◉ Whitely v Chappell (1868)
(an example of statutory interpretation) Answer: The defendant was
charged with the offence of "impersonating any person entitled to
vote". The defendant had pretended to be a person not on the
electoral register because the person had died. The court held that
the defendant was not guilty because dead people are not entitled to
vote.
, ◉ What is the relationship between the following agencies of the
criminal justice system?
- Police
- Ministry of Justice
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service
- Crown Prosecution Service
- National Probation Service
- Sentencing Council
- Campaigns for change Answer: - Police: They work with the CPS to
bring prosecutions. Police officers often give evidence in court.
- Ministry of Justice: Oversees the work of the courts, probation and
prison services.
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service: Judges create law through
judicial precedent and statutory interpretation.
- Crown Prosecution Service: They advise the police on charging
suspects.
- National Probation Service: They liaise with the police if a prisoner
needs to be recalled to prison. They oversee prisons who have been
released on licence.
EXAMINATION TEST COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Judicial Precedent Answer: Law made by judges. When deciding
cases, judges must follow judgements in previous similar cases.
Lower courts must follow higher courts.
◉ What was the precedent from Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)
Answer: Donoghue v Stevenson: Mrs Donoghue suffered nervous
shock upon discovering a decomposed snail in her bottle of
lemonade. The court decided that the manufacturer of the lemonade
owed a "duty of care" to Mrs Donoghue.
◉ Statutory Interpretation Answer: Judges create law when they
interpret the wording of statutes.
◉ Whitely v Chappell (1868)
(an example of statutory interpretation) Answer: The defendant was
charged with the offence of "impersonating any person entitled to
vote". The defendant had pretended to be a person not on the
electoral register because the person had died. The court held that
the defendant was not guilty because dead people are not entitled to
vote.
, ◉ What is the relationship between the following agencies of the
criminal justice system?
- Police
- Ministry of Justice
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service
- Crown Prosecution Service
- National Probation Service
- Sentencing Council
- Campaigns for change Answer: - Police: They work with the CPS to
bring prosecutions. Police officers often give evidence in court.
- Ministry of Justice: Oversees the work of the courts, probation and
prison services.
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service: Judges create law through
judicial precedent and statutory interpretation.
- Crown Prosecution Service: They advise the police on charging
suspects.
- National Probation Service: They liaise with the police if a prisoner
needs to be recalled to prison. They oversee prisons who have been
released on licence.
