Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exam Questions with all
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Latest Update |
Already Graded A+
Explain the term 'anticipatory rise.' ✔Correct Answer-Increase in heart rate prior to exercise
caused by the release of adrenaline.
Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it beats. ✔Correct Answer-- Heart generates own
electrical impulse/myogenic
- Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) causes atrial systole/contraction
- Sent to Atrio-Ventricular Node (AVN)
- Sent to the Bundle of His
- Sent to purkinje fibres
- To ventricle/ventricle contracts
Explain how redistribution of blood is achieved to the working muscles during exercise. ✔Correct
Answer-- Increase in CO2 levels/acidity in the blood
- Detected by chemoreceptors
- Message to medulla oblongata
- Adrenaline produced
- Smooth muscle
- Vasodilation to areas needing blood - muscles
- Vasoconstriction of areas not needing so much blood -kidneys/liver/gut
Describe two characteristics of veins which assist the transport of blood. ✔Correct Answer--
Thinner elastic tissue layer
- Valves
- Wider lumen
- Blood at low pressure
Explain why blood flow to the brain remains the same during rest and during maximum effort.
✔Correct Answer-- Brain function maintained during exercise
- Oxygen/nutrients required
Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles. ✔Correct Answer-- Process of diffusion
- high to low concentration/partial pressure down a diffusion gradient
- Requires thin/permeable membrane
- High concentration of oxygen in the blood
- Low concentration of oxygen in muscles
- Oxygen moves into the muscles
- Low concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
- High concentration of carbon dioxide in muscles
- Carbon dioxide moves into blood
- Oxygen into myoglobin
- Carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma
Use 'Starling's Law of the Heart' to explain how stroke volume increases when running. ✔Correct
Answer-- Increased venous return
, - Greater diastolic filling of the heart
- Cardiac muscle stretched
- Greater force of contraction
- Increased ejection fraction
What does partial pressure mean? ✔Correct Answer-Portion of the total pressure exerted by the
presence of a single gas molecule.
Identify and explain the role of different receptors involved in increasing heart rate. ✔Correct
Answer-- Chemoreceptors: Detect increase in blood acidity/decrease in PH/ increase in CO2
- Proprioceptors: Detect movement
- Baroreceptors: Detect increase in blood pressure
- Impulses sent to cardiac control centre/medulla oblongata
- Increase in impulses to SA node via sympathetic nervous system
Describe how the process of inspiration and expiration differ at rest and during exercise. ✔Correct
Answer-Inspiration:
- Rest - external intercostal muscles/diaphragm contracts
- During exercise, sternocleidomastoid contract
- During exercise, allows thoracic cavity to increase in size
Expiration:
- Rest - external intercostal muscles/diaphragm relax
- Rest - passive process
- During exercise, internal intercostal muscles contract
- Pulls ribcage down faster to force air out more quickly
- During exercise, becomes active process
Explain how the venous return mechanism work. ✔Correct Answer-- Skeletal muscle pump press
on nearby veins
- Pocket valves give one way direction of blood in veins
- Contraction of leg muscles compress veins
- Respiratory muscle pump changes pressure of breathing which compress on nearby veins
- Breathing mechanism/inspiration increases - pressure compresses veins
- Suction pressure of heart/heart draws up blood
Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site.
✔Correct Answer-- Air in lungs has high partial pressure of oxygen
- Low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
- Haemoglobin becomes saturated
- At muscles - low partial pressure of oxygen and in blood high partial pressure of oxygen
- Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin
- Myoglobin
Explain how rising levels of carbon dioxide cause an increase in cardiac output. ✔Correct Answer--
Increase in acidity/lower PH of blood
- Detected by chemoreceptors
- Impulses sent to cardiac control centre
- Increased stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
- Adrenaline
- Increase in HR
Correct & 100% Verified Answers |Latest Update |
Already Graded A+
Explain the term 'anticipatory rise.' ✔Correct Answer-Increase in heart rate prior to exercise
caused by the release of adrenaline.
Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it beats. ✔Correct Answer-- Heart generates own
electrical impulse/myogenic
- Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) causes atrial systole/contraction
- Sent to Atrio-Ventricular Node (AVN)
- Sent to the Bundle of His
- Sent to purkinje fibres
- To ventricle/ventricle contracts
Explain how redistribution of blood is achieved to the working muscles during exercise. ✔Correct
Answer-- Increase in CO2 levels/acidity in the blood
- Detected by chemoreceptors
- Message to medulla oblongata
- Adrenaline produced
- Smooth muscle
- Vasodilation to areas needing blood - muscles
- Vasoconstriction of areas not needing so much blood -kidneys/liver/gut
Describe two characteristics of veins which assist the transport of blood. ✔Correct Answer--
Thinner elastic tissue layer
- Valves
- Wider lumen
- Blood at low pressure
Explain why blood flow to the brain remains the same during rest and during maximum effort.
✔Correct Answer-- Brain function maintained during exercise
- Oxygen/nutrients required
Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles. ✔Correct Answer-- Process of diffusion
- high to low concentration/partial pressure down a diffusion gradient
- Requires thin/permeable membrane
- High concentration of oxygen in the blood
- Low concentration of oxygen in muscles
- Oxygen moves into the muscles
- Low concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
- High concentration of carbon dioxide in muscles
- Carbon dioxide moves into blood
- Oxygen into myoglobin
- Carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma
Use 'Starling's Law of the Heart' to explain how stroke volume increases when running. ✔Correct
Answer-- Increased venous return
, - Greater diastolic filling of the heart
- Cardiac muscle stretched
- Greater force of contraction
- Increased ejection fraction
What does partial pressure mean? ✔Correct Answer-Portion of the total pressure exerted by the
presence of a single gas molecule.
Identify and explain the role of different receptors involved in increasing heart rate. ✔Correct
Answer-- Chemoreceptors: Detect increase in blood acidity/decrease in PH/ increase in CO2
- Proprioceptors: Detect movement
- Baroreceptors: Detect increase in blood pressure
- Impulses sent to cardiac control centre/medulla oblongata
- Increase in impulses to SA node via sympathetic nervous system
Describe how the process of inspiration and expiration differ at rest and during exercise. ✔Correct
Answer-Inspiration:
- Rest - external intercostal muscles/diaphragm contracts
- During exercise, sternocleidomastoid contract
- During exercise, allows thoracic cavity to increase in size
Expiration:
- Rest - external intercostal muscles/diaphragm relax
- Rest - passive process
- During exercise, internal intercostal muscles contract
- Pulls ribcage down faster to force air out more quickly
- During exercise, becomes active process
Explain how the venous return mechanism work. ✔Correct Answer-- Skeletal muscle pump press
on nearby veins
- Pocket valves give one way direction of blood in veins
- Contraction of leg muscles compress veins
- Respiratory muscle pump changes pressure of breathing which compress on nearby veins
- Breathing mechanism/inspiration increases - pressure compresses veins
- Suction pressure of heart/heart draws up blood
Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site.
✔Correct Answer-- Air in lungs has high partial pressure of oxygen
- Low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
- Haemoglobin becomes saturated
- At muscles - low partial pressure of oxygen and in blood high partial pressure of oxygen
- Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin
- Myoglobin
Explain how rising levels of carbon dioxide cause an increase in cardiac output. ✔Correct Answer--
Increase in acidity/lower PH of blood
- Detected by chemoreceptors
- Impulses sent to cardiac control centre
- Increased stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
- Adrenaline
- Increase in HR
