, CHAPTER LIST
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Procedures
Chapter 3: Validity and Reliability of Goniometric Measurement
PART II: Upper Extremity Testing
Chapter 4: The Shoulder
Chapter 5: The Elbow and Forearm
Chapter 6: The Wrist
Chapter 7: The Hand
PART III: Lower Extremity Testing
Chapter 8: The Hip
Chapter 9: The Knee
Chapter 10: The Ankle and Foot
PART IV: Testing of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint
Chapter 11: The Cervical Spine
Chapter 12: The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Chapter 13: The Temporomandibular Joint
,Chapter 1: Basic Concepts – Test
Bank
Context: Establishes the theoretical foundation of joint measurement.
Content Focus: ROM definitions, active vs. passive motion,
hyper/hypomobility, basic kinematics, arthrokinematics, factors affecting
motion, anatomical landmarks.
Purpose: Understanding why accurate measurement matters in clinical
biomechanics.
1. Which of the following best defines passive range of motion
(PROM)?
A. Movement initiated and completed entirely by the patient without assistance
B. Movement applied by an examiner without active contribution from the
patient
C. Joint motion measured during functional tasks
D. Maximum motion achieved after stretching exercises
Answer: B
Rationale: PROM occurs when an examiner moves a joint through its range
without active participation from the patient. Active ROM involves patient
effort.
Keywords: passive range of motion, PROM, joint measurement, examiner-
assisted
2. A patient presents with an abnormally large shoulder ROM.
This condition is termed:
A. Hypomobility
B. Hypermobility
C. Joint stiffness
D. Ankylosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypermobility refers to motion exceeding normal limits, which may
be due to ligamentous laxity or connective tissue disorders. Hypomobility
indicates restricted motion.
Keywords: hypermobility, ROM, excessive motion, joint laxity
,3. Which factor is least likely to influence the measurement of a
patient’s joint ROM?
A. Age
B. Pain level
C. Examiner’s height
D. Posture
Answer: C
Rationale: Age, pain, and posture directly affect joint mobility. Examiner
height does not influence the measured joint angle if proper technique is used.
Keywords: ROM measurement, influencing factors, age, posture, pain
4. During goniometric assessment, the anatomical landmark most
commonly used for shoulder abduction is:
A. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
B. Acromion process
C. Styloid process of the radius
D. Greater trochanter
Answer: B
Rationale: The acromion serves as the fulcrum for shoulder abduction
measurements, providing a consistent landmark for accurate goniometer
placement.
Keywords: shoulder abduction, anatomical landmark, acromion, goniometer
5. Active range of motion (AROM) differs from passive ROM in
that it:
A. Is always greater than PROM
B. Requires the patient’s muscle activation
C. Cannot be measured with a goniometer
D. Is independent of pain
Answer: B
Rationale: AROM is performed by the patient using their muscles, which can
be limited by strength, coordination, or pain, unlike PROM performed by an
,examiner.
Keywords: active ROM, muscle activation, patient effort, measurement
6. Which description best exemplifies arthrokinematics?
A. Voluntary movement performed by the patient
B. Movement of joint surfaces relative to each other, such as roll, glide, and
spin
C. Measurement of functional motion during activities
D. Assessment of joint angles with a goniometer
Answer: B
Rationale: Arthrokinematics describes the motion of joint surfaces (accessory
movements), which is essential for understanding joint mechanics during
ROM.
Keywords: arthrokinematics, roll, glide, spin, joint surfaces
7. A 70-year-old patient demonstrates reduced knee flexion
compared to normative data. Which factor is most likely
contributing?
A. Age-related changes in joint capsule and cartilage
B. Examiner skill
C. Goniometer calibration
D. Patient’s weight
Answer: A
Rationale: Age is a primary factor affecting ROM due to decreased joint
capsule elasticity, cartilage thinning, and muscle changes.
Keywords: knee ROM, age-related changes, joint mobility, flexion
8. When measuring elbow flexion, why is proper stabilization of
the humerus essential?
A. To reduce measurement time
B. To prevent compensatory shoulder motion
C. To improve patient comfort
D. To avoid using a goniometer
,Answer: B
Rationale: Stabilizing the humerus prevents shoulder motion from artificially
increasing measured elbow ROM, ensuring accuracy.
Keywords: elbow flexion, stabilization, goniometry, compensatory motion
9. Which of the following represents a normal factor affecting
joint mobility?
A. Joint injury
B. Ligament laxity
C. Pain
D. Gender differences in flexibility
Answer: D
Rationale: Gender differences can influence ROM naturally; women often
exhibit greater flexibility. Injury, pain, and ligament laxity are pathological
factors.
Keywords: ROM, influencing factors, normal variation, gender
10. During hip flexion measurement, the examiner notices the
pelvis tilting anteriorly. This indicates:
A. Excessive passive ROM
B. Improper patient positioning affecting measurement
C. Hypertonicity of the quadriceps
D. Normal kinematics
Answer: B
Rationale: Pelvic tilt during measurement indicates that motion at another
segment is contributing to hip flexion, producing an inaccurate reading. Proper
stabilization is critical.
Keywords: hip flexion, pelvic tilt, measurement error, stabilization
11. Which statement is correct regarding hypomobility?
A. It is the same as hypermobility
B. It indicates restricted ROM below normal limits
C. It is never clinically significant
D. It refers only to spinal joints
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hypomobility is restricted joint motion below normative ROM,
which can result from joint disease, immobilization, or soft tissue contracture.
Keywords: hypomobility, restricted ROM, clinical significance
12. The primary purpose of using anatomical landmarks in
goniometry is to:
A. Ensure measurement is consistent and reproducible
B. Reduce the need for patient cooperation
C. Eliminate examiner judgment
D. Increase the joint’s ROM
Answer: A
Rationale: Landmarks provide fixed reference points, improving inter- and
intra-rater reliability of measurements.
Keywords: anatomical landmarks, goniometry, reliability, accuracy
13. A patient’s shoulder external rotation is limited by pain. This
limitation affects:
A. Only active ROM
B. Only passive ROM
C. Both active and passive ROM
D. Neither AROM nor PROM
Answer: C
Rationale: Pain can restrict both active and passive movement, reducing joint
motion during clinical assessment.
Keywords: shoulder ROM, pain, AROM, PROM, limitation
14. Which joint motion is primarily measured by observing the
distal segment’s movement relative to the proximal segment?
A. Kinematics
B. Arthrokinematics
C. Isometric contraction
D. Electromyography
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Procedures
Chapter 3: Validity and Reliability of Goniometric Measurement
PART II: Upper Extremity Testing
Chapter 4: The Shoulder
Chapter 5: The Elbow and Forearm
Chapter 6: The Wrist
Chapter 7: The Hand
PART III: Lower Extremity Testing
Chapter 8: The Hip
Chapter 9: The Knee
Chapter 10: The Ankle and Foot
PART IV: Testing of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint
Chapter 11: The Cervical Spine
Chapter 12: The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Chapter 13: The Temporomandibular Joint
,Chapter 1: Basic Concepts – Test
Bank
Context: Establishes the theoretical foundation of joint measurement.
Content Focus: ROM definitions, active vs. passive motion,
hyper/hypomobility, basic kinematics, arthrokinematics, factors affecting
motion, anatomical landmarks.
Purpose: Understanding why accurate measurement matters in clinical
biomechanics.
1. Which of the following best defines passive range of motion
(PROM)?
A. Movement initiated and completed entirely by the patient without assistance
B. Movement applied by an examiner without active contribution from the
patient
C. Joint motion measured during functional tasks
D. Maximum motion achieved after stretching exercises
Answer: B
Rationale: PROM occurs when an examiner moves a joint through its range
without active participation from the patient. Active ROM involves patient
effort.
Keywords: passive range of motion, PROM, joint measurement, examiner-
assisted
2. A patient presents with an abnormally large shoulder ROM.
This condition is termed:
A. Hypomobility
B. Hypermobility
C. Joint stiffness
D. Ankylosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypermobility refers to motion exceeding normal limits, which may
be due to ligamentous laxity or connective tissue disorders. Hypomobility
indicates restricted motion.
Keywords: hypermobility, ROM, excessive motion, joint laxity
,3. Which factor is least likely to influence the measurement of a
patient’s joint ROM?
A. Age
B. Pain level
C. Examiner’s height
D. Posture
Answer: C
Rationale: Age, pain, and posture directly affect joint mobility. Examiner
height does not influence the measured joint angle if proper technique is used.
Keywords: ROM measurement, influencing factors, age, posture, pain
4. During goniometric assessment, the anatomical landmark most
commonly used for shoulder abduction is:
A. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
B. Acromion process
C. Styloid process of the radius
D. Greater trochanter
Answer: B
Rationale: The acromion serves as the fulcrum for shoulder abduction
measurements, providing a consistent landmark for accurate goniometer
placement.
Keywords: shoulder abduction, anatomical landmark, acromion, goniometer
5. Active range of motion (AROM) differs from passive ROM in
that it:
A. Is always greater than PROM
B. Requires the patient’s muscle activation
C. Cannot be measured with a goniometer
D. Is independent of pain
Answer: B
Rationale: AROM is performed by the patient using their muscles, which can
be limited by strength, coordination, or pain, unlike PROM performed by an
,examiner.
Keywords: active ROM, muscle activation, patient effort, measurement
6. Which description best exemplifies arthrokinematics?
A. Voluntary movement performed by the patient
B. Movement of joint surfaces relative to each other, such as roll, glide, and
spin
C. Measurement of functional motion during activities
D. Assessment of joint angles with a goniometer
Answer: B
Rationale: Arthrokinematics describes the motion of joint surfaces (accessory
movements), which is essential for understanding joint mechanics during
ROM.
Keywords: arthrokinematics, roll, glide, spin, joint surfaces
7. A 70-year-old patient demonstrates reduced knee flexion
compared to normative data. Which factor is most likely
contributing?
A. Age-related changes in joint capsule and cartilage
B. Examiner skill
C. Goniometer calibration
D. Patient’s weight
Answer: A
Rationale: Age is a primary factor affecting ROM due to decreased joint
capsule elasticity, cartilage thinning, and muscle changes.
Keywords: knee ROM, age-related changes, joint mobility, flexion
8. When measuring elbow flexion, why is proper stabilization of
the humerus essential?
A. To reduce measurement time
B. To prevent compensatory shoulder motion
C. To improve patient comfort
D. To avoid using a goniometer
,Answer: B
Rationale: Stabilizing the humerus prevents shoulder motion from artificially
increasing measured elbow ROM, ensuring accuracy.
Keywords: elbow flexion, stabilization, goniometry, compensatory motion
9. Which of the following represents a normal factor affecting
joint mobility?
A. Joint injury
B. Ligament laxity
C. Pain
D. Gender differences in flexibility
Answer: D
Rationale: Gender differences can influence ROM naturally; women often
exhibit greater flexibility. Injury, pain, and ligament laxity are pathological
factors.
Keywords: ROM, influencing factors, normal variation, gender
10. During hip flexion measurement, the examiner notices the
pelvis tilting anteriorly. This indicates:
A. Excessive passive ROM
B. Improper patient positioning affecting measurement
C. Hypertonicity of the quadriceps
D. Normal kinematics
Answer: B
Rationale: Pelvic tilt during measurement indicates that motion at another
segment is contributing to hip flexion, producing an inaccurate reading. Proper
stabilization is critical.
Keywords: hip flexion, pelvic tilt, measurement error, stabilization
11. Which statement is correct regarding hypomobility?
A. It is the same as hypermobility
B. It indicates restricted ROM below normal limits
C. It is never clinically significant
D. It refers only to spinal joints
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hypomobility is restricted joint motion below normative ROM,
which can result from joint disease, immobilization, or soft tissue contracture.
Keywords: hypomobility, restricted ROM, clinical significance
12. The primary purpose of using anatomical landmarks in
goniometry is to:
A. Ensure measurement is consistent and reproducible
B. Reduce the need for patient cooperation
C. Eliminate examiner judgment
D. Increase the joint’s ROM
Answer: A
Rationale: Landmarks provide fixed reference points, improving inter- and
intra-rater reliability of measurements.
Keywords: anatomical landmarks, goniometry, reliability, accuracy
13. A patient’s shoulder external rotation is limited by pain. This
limitation affects:
A. Only active ROM
B. Only passive ROM
C. Both active and passive ROM
D. Neither AROM nor PROM
Answer: C
Rationale: Pain can restrict both active and passive movement, reducing joint
motion during clinical assessment.
Keywords: shoulder ROM, pain, AROM, PROM, limitation
14. Which joint motion is primarily measured by observing the
distal segment’s movement relative to the proximal segment?
A. Kinematics
B. Arthrokinematics
C. Isometric contraction
D. Electromyography
