NUR 2603 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Focused Review 2021.

NUR2603 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Focused Review  What is pathophysiology? o the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. It is studies in terms of common , or classic, presentations of disorders.  Stress response o body’s attempt to try to restore the balance; is helpful but can become damaging when repeatedly activated or does not cease.  Flight or flight o The alarm stage; because it provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to either evade or confront danger. (when the hypothalamus senses a need to activate the GAS in response to a stimulus, a stressors placing the balance of homeostasis at risk)  Epidemiology and the treatment of disease o the study of health events and patterns of disease involving aggregates of people, their distribution, and associated causative factors in a defined population  Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome o Alarm (fight or flight), resistance (adaptation; move beyond the alarm stage), exhaustion (no longer able to effect a return to homeostasis) stages  What is homeostasis? Allostasis? o Maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping things relatively the same, or balanced o ability to successfully adapt to challenges to maintain survival and well-being (i.e. BP, HR, glucose levels) o Allostatic overload- when adaptation mechanisms are inadequate or total amount of allostatic load is excessive; homeostasis cannot be obtained  Osmosis vs passive transport vs filtration o Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize the particle concentration of the fluid on both sides of the membrane. o Called facilitated diffusion; particles move through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration w/o the use of energy o Particles move through the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration; requires the use of energy; ATP  Edema o Excess of fluid in interstitial compartment; may be localized or generalized; stages +1, +2, +3, +4  Osteoporosis o Most common metabolic bone disease in which reduction in bone mass results from bone resorption proceeding at a rate faster than that of new bone formation. (s/s: shortened stature, muscle wasting, back muscle spasms, difficulty bending over)