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Samenvatting Introduction to Sociological Theory (4e editie) deeltentamen 1

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Samenvatting Introduction to
Sociological Theory
(deeltentamen 1)
Inhoudsopgave
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 2
SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY................................2
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS SCIENCE: AUGUSTE COMTE AND HARRIET
MARTINEAU................................................................................................................. 2
SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND CONTEXTUAL STANDPOINTS: DU BOIS, DE TOCQUEVILLE,
AND MARTINEAU......................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER ONE: KARL MARX (1818–1883)........................................................................3
EXPANSION OF CAPITALISM.........................................................................................3
CAPITALISM AS STRUCTURED INEQUALITY..................................................................3
MARX'S THEORY OF HISTORY......................................................................................3
COMMUNISM................................................................................................................ 3
HUMAN NATURE.......................................................................................................... 4
THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ALIENATION..................................................................4
IDEOLOGY AND POWER...............................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO: EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)...............................................................4
DURKHEIM'S METHODOLOGICAL RULES......................................................................4
THE NATURE OF SOCIETY............................................................................................4
SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL COHESION................................................4
SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SUICIDE.................................................................................5
RELIGION AND THE SACRED........................................................................................5
CHAPTER FOUR: AMERICAN CLASSICS: THE CHICAGO SCHOOL, TALCOTT PARSONS,
AND ROBERT MERTON.................................................................................................... 5
TALCOTT PARSONS...................................................................................................... 5
THE SOCIAL SYSTEM.................................................................................................... 5
SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIETAL INTEGRATION.............................................................6
SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE SECULARIZATION OF PROTESTANTISM..............................6
MODERNIZATION THEORY........................................................................................... 6
ROBERT MERTON........................................................................................................ 6
MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONS............................................................................6
STRAIN BETWEEN CULTURE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE................................................7
CHAPTER THREE: MAX WEBER (1864–1920)...................................................................7
METHODOLOGY: VERSTEHEN & IDEAL TYPES..............................................................7
SOCIAL ACTION........................................................................................................... 7
RATIONALIZATION (RATIONALISERING).......................................................................8
TYPES OF AUTHORITY.................................................................................................. 9
BUREAUCRACY............................................................................................................ 9
STRATIFICATION.......................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER FIVE: CRITICAL THEORY: TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS.................10
THE SOCIETAL CRITIQUE OF HORKHEIMER, ADORNO, AND MARCUSE.......................10
MASS CULTURE AND CONSUMPTION.........................................................................11
POLITICS: UNIFORMITY AND CONTROL......................................................................12
JÜRGEN HABERMAS: THE STATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE.......................................12

, Introduction
De sociologische theorie biedt een pluralistisch en gevarieerd kader om
de complexiteit van het sociale leven te analyseren. Het gebruikt
concepten en analytische ideeën om empirische sociale fenomenen te
verklaren. De theorie richt zich op macro (grootschalige sociale structuren
zoals kapitalisme) en micro (interpersoonlijke interactie) dynamiek en
onderzoekt de wisselwerking tussen individueel/collectief handelen
(agency) en structurele krachten.


SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY
De sociologie ontstond in de negentiende eeuw, beïnvloed door:
 De Verlichting: Deze periode benadrukte rede
(reason), rationaliteit, democratie en wetenschap. Het idee dat
sociale structuren menselijke creaties zijn en dus bekritiseerd en
veranderd kunnen worden, was cruciaal.
- Utilitarisme stelde dat rationele individuen hun eigenbelang
nastreven, wat op zijn beurt het welzijn van de samenleving
dient.
- Het sociaal contract stelde dat burgers zich inzetten voor
het algemeen belang.
 De nadruk op empirisme en wetenschappelijke bewijzen legde
de basis voor de sociologie als een wetenschap.


THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS SCIENCE: AUGUSTE
COMTE AND HARRIET MARTINEAU
 Auguste Comte (1798–1857): Beschouwd als de grondlegger van
de sociologie. Hij pleitte voor een positivistische sociologie (een
"Sociale Fysica") die door middel van objectiviteit en observatie
sociale wetten zou ontdekken.
 Harriet Martineau (1802–1876): De eerste vrouwelijke socioloog.
Zij vertaalde Comte en benadrukte de noodzaak van interpretatief
inzicht (Verstehen) en empathie bij de studie van menselijk
gedrag. Ze schreef over het bestuderen van de "zeden en
gewoonten" (morals and manners) van een samenleving.


SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND CONTEXTUAL STANDPOINTS: DU BOIS,
DE TOCQUEVILLE, AND MARTINEAU
 W.E.B. Du Bois: Pionier in de studie van raciale ongelijkheid. Hij
introduceerde het concept van double-consciousness
(dubbelbewustzijn), waarbij Zwarte individuen zichzelf door de
ogen van de dominante (witte) samenleving zien.
 Martineau was kritisch over de sociale tegenstrijdigheden van
Amerika, met name de ongelijkheid van vrouwen en de slavernij.

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