How did the French Revolution lay the Why was there dissatisfaction in France in 1789?
foundations for modern democracies?
• During the 18th century, the French people experienced the
• France, a central European country, had a population of Ancien Regime, characterized by feudalism, which resulted in
over half a million in Paris in 1789, with most residents oppression of the lower classes lacking political
being poor peasants working the land. representation.
• Despite its wealth, France operated under the feudal • Ordinary citizens were governed by kings and emperors
system known as the Ancient Regime, where the king holding absolute power, although some countries-initiated
ruled by divine right and ordinary citizens had no reforms to effect change.
governance role. T3: The
• However, emerging ideas of liberty, equality, and
fraternity inspired challenges to this system, forming French
the foundation of modern democracies. Revolution
Sample •
•
•
•
King Louis XVI – France
Ruled as an absolute monarch under the feudal system (Ancien
Regime) without parliamentary oversight.
King George III of Britain
Led within a constitutional monarchy that limited royal powers,
Summaries after sample
France in 1789 allowing for a parliament where only upper classes could vote.
• Tsar Peter I of Russia
What is a revolution? • Was an autocratic ruler, and despite some political and social reforms
by enlightened Tsars in the 17th and 18th centuries, serfdom persisted,
• Revolution – comes from the word “revolve,” meaning to turn over, or change indicating a transition away from feudalism that was incomplete by the
around. end of the 18th century.
• In Politics – means to change the system of government.
Change Change
• Can be negotiated. • Can be a violent or bloody
• As in South Africa in 1994 when overthrow of the political order.
new democratic government • As in the case of French
replaced the Apartheid Revolution.
government.
GR10 HIST T2-T3 Mind Map Ace It Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)
,Sample
Summaries after sample
, What led to the emergence of the Sotho kingdom
T4: under Moshoeshoe?
What circumstances led to the formation of the Continue • The Basotho kingdom, established by Moshoeshoe in the Caledon
Gaza state? River valley, became one of the most successful states during a
period of disturbance in the 1820s.
The formation of the Gaza kingdom. • In 1824, Moshoeshoe relocated his followers to Thaba-Bosiu, a
fortified mountain, providing protection amidst threats from Boer,
• The Gaza kingdom, led by military leader Soshangane under Zwide, was established after
Griqua, and Kora raiders.
he moved his people to southern Mozambique in 1819 due to Ndwandwe's breaking up.
• His kingdom fostered peace and unity among diverse cultures,
• The kingdom aimed to dominate the ivory trade at Delagoa Bay and became the most who contributed to its defense and the protection of cattle.
powerful state in northern Mozambique by the 1820s and 1830s, stretching from the • Moshoeshoe utilized the mafiso system, granting cattle to ensure
Sample
Zambezi to south of the Limpopo. loyalty, and, by the mid-1830s, the kingdom gained strength due
• Soshangane integrated defeated chiefdoms into Gaza's structure through the amabutho to his diplomatic skills.
system. • He formed alliances with the Pedi, paid tribute to powerful
• The kingdom significantly influenced the development of modern Mpumalanga and chiefdoms like the Zulu, and established relationships through
Limpopo provinces, successfully repelling attacks from Shaka and Dingane in 1828. marriage, enhancing his kingdom's stability and power.
• In 1834, Portuguese settlements in Inhambane acknowledged Soshangane's power by
Summaries after sample
paying tribute, although Gaza raided but did not destroy their outposts.
• Moshoeshoe recognized new influences affecting his kingdom and saw value in the
presence of missionaries.
• Missionary Eugene Casalis settled near Thaba Bosiu in 1833 and became a friend
and adviser, writing letters for Moshoeshoe to the Cape government.
• The Boers posed another threat as they trekked north towards Natal, which
Moshoeshoe initially welcomed, hoping they would soon move on.
• However, in the 1840s, tensions escalated as the Boers made private claims to
Basotho land.
GR10 HIST T2-T4 Mind Map Ace It Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)
, Sample
Summaries after sample
foundations for modern democracies?
• During the 18th century, the French people experienced the
• France, a central European country, had a population of Ancien Regime, characterized by feudalism, which resulted in
over half a million in Paris in 1789, with most residents oppression of the lower classes lacking political
being poor peasants working the land. representation.
• Despite its wealth, France operated under the feudal • Ordinary citizens were governed by kings and emperors
system known as the Ancient Regime, where the king holding absolute power, although some countries-initiated
ruled by divine right and ordinary citizens had no reforms to effect change.
governance role. T3: The
• However, emerging ideas of liberty, equality, and
fraternity inspired challenges to this system, forming French
the foundation of modern democracies. Revolution
Sample •
•
•
•
King Louis XVI – France
Ruled as an absolute monarch under the feudal system (Ancien
Regime) without parliamentary oversight.
King George III of Britain
Led within a constitutional monarchy that limited royal powers,
Summaries after sample
France in 1789 allowing for a parliament where only upper classes could vote.
• Tsar Peter I of Russia
What is a revolution? • Was an autocratic ruler, and despite some political and social reforms
by enlightened Tsars in the 17th and 18th centuries, serfdom persisted,
• Revolution – comes from the word “revolve,” meaning to turn over, or change indicating a transition away from feudalism that was incomplete by the
around. end of the 18th century.
• In Politics – means to change the system of government.
Change Change
• Can be negotiated. • Can be a violent or bloody
• As in South Africa in 1994 when overthrow of the political order.
new democratic government • As in the case of French
replaced the Apartheid Revolution.
government.
GR10 HIST T2-T3 Mind Map Ace It Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)
,Sample
Summaries after sample
, What led to the emergence of the Sotho kingdom
T4: under Moshoeshoe?
What circumstances led to the formation of the Continue • The Basotho kingdom, established by Moshoeshoe in the Caledon
Gaza state? River valley, became one of the most successful states during a
period of disturbance in the 1820s.
The formation of the Gaza kingdom. • In 1824, Moshoeshoe relocated his followers to Thaba-Bosiu, a
fortified mountain, providing protection amidst threats from Boer,
• The Gaza kingdom, led by military leader Soshangane under Zwide, was established after
Griqua, and Kora raiders.
he moved his people to southern Mozambique in 1819 due to Ndwandwe's breaking up.
• His kingdom fostered peace and unity among diverse cultures,
• The kingdom aimed to dominate the ivory trade at Delagoa Bay and became the most who contributed to its defense and the protection of cattle.
powerful state in northern Mozambique by the 1820s and 1830s, stretching from the • Moshoeshoe utilized the mafiso system, granting cattle to ensure
Sample
Zambezi to south of the Limpopo. loyalty, and, by the mid-1830s, the kingdom gained strength due
• Soshangane integrated defeated chiefdoms into Gaza's structure through the amabutho to his diplomatic skills.
system. • He formed alliances with the Pedi, paid tribute to powerful
• The kingdom significantly influenced the development of modern Mpumalanga and chiefdoms like the Zulu, and established relationships through
Limpopo provinces, successfully repelling attacks from Shaka and Dingane in 1828. marriage, enhancing his kingdom's stability and power.
• In 1834, Portuguese settlements in Inhambane acknowledged Soshangane's power by
Summaries after sample
paying tribute, although Gaza raided but did not destroy their outposts.
• Moshoeshoe recognized new influences affecting his kingdom and saw value in the
presence of missionaries.
• Missionary Eugene Casalis settled near Thaba Bosiu in 1833 and became a friend
and adviser, writing letters for Moshoeshoe to the Cape government.
• The Boers posed another threat as they trekked north towards Natal, which
Moshoeshoe initially welcomed, hoping they would soon move on.
• However, in the 1840s, tensions escalated as the Boers made private claims to
Basotho land.
GR10 HIST T2-T4 Mind Map Ace It Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)
, Sample
Summaries after sample
