PSYCH 515 COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER
2026 DETAILED SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
⫸ What logical rule is applied when determining who is taller
between Susan and Carol if Susan is taller than Polly and Polly is
taller than Carol? Answer: Transitive inference.
⫸ What training method is used for testing transitive inference in
animals? Answer: Training on adjacent items.
⫸ Which animals perform well on all novel pairings in transitive
inference tasks? Answer: Monkeys.
⫸ What do pigeons require to perform well in transitive inference
tasks? Answer: Pairs that include a specific item (A) and a non-press
item (E).
⫸ What is the significance of social hierarchies in animal reasoning?
Answer: Animals can infer their social status without direct
confrontation.
⫸ What is the difference in social behavior between Pinyon Jays and
Scrub Jays? Answer: Pinyon Jays are very social, while Scrub Jays
are not.
,⫸ What reasoning method involves excluding options to arrive at a
conclusion? Answer: Disjunctive syllogism.
⫸ What is an example of disjunctive syllogism? Answer: If Cup A or
Cup B, not Cup A, therefore Cup B.
⫸ What is mutual exclusivity in reasoning? Answer: The assumption
that a novel label refers to a novel object.
⫸ What is the analogy task in reasoning? Answer: Choosing an item
that matches the relation of two other items.
⫸ What is the reflection effect in decision-making? Answer: Risk-
seeking when framed as losses and risk-averse when framed as gains.
⫸ What is the endowment effect? Answer: The tendency to value an
owned object more than an equally-priced object.
⫸ How do capuchin monkeys exhibit loss aversion? Answer: They
prefer risky choices when faced with potential gains.
⫸ What is the planning behavior observed in Scrub Jays? Answer:
They plan for future meals by caching food.
, ⫸ What is the outcome of the study by Raby et al. (2007) on Scrub
Jays? Answer: They were trained to cache food in anticipation of
future meals.
⫸ What is the significance of the study by Grosenick et al. (2007) on
cichlid fish? Answer: Cichlid fish use transitive inference to choose
less dominant fish to associate with.
⫸ What is the main difference in reasoning abilities between humans
and non-human animals? Answer: Humans exhibit irrational biases in
decision-making that are less observed in non-humans.
⫸ What is the role of second-order logic in analogy? Answer: It
requires identifying relations between relations, which is difficult for
non-humans.
⫸ What is the primary focus of the research by Chen et al. (2006) on
monkey decision-making? Answer: Monkeys spend tokens rationally
in a token-trading economy.
⫸ What is the conclusion drawn from the endowment effect in
chimpanzees? Answer: Chimpanzees prefer to keep what they already
own, similar to humans.
⫸ What are the implications of irrational biases in decision-making
for animals? Answer: Animals, like humans, can exhibit biases such
as loss aversion and the endowment effect.
2026 DETAILED SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
⫸ What logical rule is applied when determining who is taller
between Susan and Carol if Susan is taller than Polly and Polly is
taller than Carol? Answer: Transitive inference.
⫸ What training method is used for testing transitive inference in
animals? Answer: Training on adjacent items.
⫸ Which animals perform well on all novel pairings in transitive
inference tasks? Answer: Monkeys.
⫸ What do pigeons require to perform well in transitive inference
tasks? Answer: Pairs that include a specific item (A) and a non-press
item (E).
⫸ What is the significance of social hierarchies in animal reasoning?
Answer: Animals can infer their social status without direct
confrontation.
⫸ What is the difference in social behavior between Pinyon Jays and
Scrub Jays? Answer: Pinyon Jays are very social, while Scrub Jays
are not.
,⫸ What reasoning method involves excluding options to arrive at a
conclusion? Answer: Disjunctive syllogism.
⫸ What is an example of disjunctive syllogism? Answer: If Cup A or
Cup B, not Cup A, therefore Cup B.
⫸ What is mutual exclusivity in reasoning? Answer: The assumption
that a novel label refers to a novel object.
⫸ What is the analogy task in reasoning? Answer: Choosing an item
that matches the relation of two other items.
⫸ What is the reflection effect in decision-making? Answer: Risk-
seeking when framed as losses and risk-averse when framed as gains.
⫸ What is the endowment effect? Answer: The tendency to value an
owned object more than an equally-priced object.
⫸ How do capuchin monkeys exhibit loss aversion? Answer: They
prefer risky choices when faced with potential gains.
⫸ What is the planning behavior observed in Scrub Jays? Answer:
They plan for future meals by caching food.
, ⫸ What is the outcome of the study by Raby et al. (2007) on Scrub
Jays? Answer: They were trained to cache food in anticipation of
future meals.
⫸ What is the significance of the study by Grosenick et al. (2007) on
cichlid fish? Answer: Cichlid fish use transitive inference to choose
less dominant fish to associate with.
⫸ What is the main difference in reasoning abilities between humans
and non-human animals? Answer: Humans exhibit irrational biases in
decision-making that are less observed in non-humans.
⫸ What is the role of second-order logic in analogy? Answer: It
requires identifying relations between relations, which is difficult for
non-humans.
⫸ What is the primary focus of the research by Chen et al. (2006) on
monkey decision-making? Answer: Monkeys spend tokens rationally
in a token-trading economy.
⫸ What is the conclusion drawn from the endowment effect in
chimpanzees? Answer: Chimpanzees prefer to keep what they already
own, similar to humans.
⫸ What are the implications of irrational biases in decision-making
for animals? Answer: Animals, like humans, can exhibit biases such
as loss aversion and the endowment effect.
