PSYC 201 - Final Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Graded A+
Ratio Schedule - Answers Number of reinforcers you get is function of number of times behavior occurs.
Fixed Ratio - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced only after a
specified number of responses.
Variable Ratio - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an
unpredictable number of responses.
Interval Schedule - Answers Frequency of reinforcers is determined by time that's passed.
Fixed Interval - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where the first response is rewarded only
after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Variable Interval - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is rewarded after an
unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Positive Reinforcement - Answers Response followed by rewarding a stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement - Answers Response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus.
Positive Punishment - Answers Response followed by an aversive stimulus.
Negative Punishment - Answers Response followed by removal of a rewarding stimulus.
Premack Principle - Answers Creatures have preference for frequency of behaviors, leading them to
'work' to get as close to preferred frequencies as possible.
Escape Learning - Answers Responding to terminate an ongoing unpleasant stimulus.
Avoidance Learning - Answers Responding to a signal to prevent an anticipated unpleasant stimulus
from occurring.
Matching Law - Answers Relative rate of reinforcement is matched to the relative rate of behavior.
Delay Discounting - Answers The decrease in perceived value of a reward as the delay to its receipt
increases.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP) - Answers Enhanced neural processing resulting from the flow of
information from one neuron to another.
Anterograde Amnesia - Answers No memory forward; inability to form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia - Answers No memories backward; inability to recall past memories.
Iconic Memory - Answers A brief, almost photographic storage of visual information, lasting for fractions
of a second.
, State-Dependent Learning - Answers Matching context at time of learning to time of testing can help
improve recall.
Explicit Memory - Answers Conscious, intentional memory.
Implicit Memory - Answers Unconscious recall.
Procedural Memory - Answers Memory for skills and actions, like riding a bike.
Semantic Memory - Answers Facts and general knowledge.
Episodic Memory - Answers Personal experienced events; mental time travel.
Prospective Memory - Answers The ability to remember to perform a planned action or intention in the
future.
Retroactive Interference - Answers The tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously
learned material.
Proactive Interference - Answers The tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent
learning.
Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve - Answers A graph that illustrates the decline of memory retention over
time.
7 Sins of Forgetting - Answers Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility,
bias, and persistence.
Blocking / Tip-of-the-tongue - Answers You know something but you cannot recall it exactly.
Memory misattribution - Answers Primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications.
False recognition - Answers Can be reduced with distinctive information.
Best indicator of accuracy - Answers When you ask them how they know they're right and they say
'because it's him.'
Implicit reasoning - Answers Proves to be more accurate than explicit reasoning.
Suggestibility / reconstruction - Answers Misleading details / filling in process can often be good for
memory but bad in case of misattribution.
Recovered memories - Answers Often in hypnotic therapy; traumatic events recalled after many years
where they could not be recalled.
Implanting memories - Answers Memories can be implanted; skepticism about reports of recovered
memories.
Ratio Schedule - Answers Number of reinforcers you get is function of number of times behavior occurs.
Fixed Ratio - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced only after a
specified number of responses.
Variable Ratio - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an
unpredictable number of responses.
Interval Schedule - Answers Frequency of reinforcers is determined by time that's passed.
Fixed Interval - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where the first response is rewarded only
after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Variable Interval - Answers A type of reinforcement schedule where a response is rewarded after an
unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Positive Reinforcement - Answers Response followed by rewarding a stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement - Answers Response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus.
Positive Punishment - Answers Response followed by an aversive stimulus.
Negative Punishment - Answers Response followed by removal of a rewarding stimulus.
Premack Principle - Answers Creatures have preference for frequency of behaviors, leading them to
'work' to get as close to preferred frequencies as possible.
Escape Learning - Answers Responding to terminate an ongoing unpleasant stimulus.
Avoidance Learning - Answers Responding to a signal to prevent an anticipated unpleasant stimulus
from occurring.
Matching Law - Answers Relative rate of reinforcement is matched to the relative rate of behavior.
Delay Discounting - Answers The decrease in perceived value of a reward as the delay to its receipt
increases.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP) - Answers Enhanced neural processing resulting from the flow of
information from one neuron to another.
Anterograde Amnesia - Answers No memory forward; inability to form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia - Answers No memories backward; inability to recall past memories.
Iconic Memory - Answers A brief, almost photographic storage of visual information, lasting for fractions
of a second.
, State-Dependent Learning - Answers Matching context at time of learning to time of testing can help
improve recall.
Explicit Memory - Answers Conscious, intentional memory.
Implicit Memory - Answers Unconscious recall.
Procedural Memory - Answers Memory for skills and actions, like riding a bike.
Semantic Memory - Answers Facts and general knowledge.
Episodic Memory - Answers Personal experienced events; mental time travel.
Prospective Memory - Answers The ability to remember to perform a planned action or intention in the
future.
Retroactive Interference - Answers The tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously
learned material.
Proactive Interference - Answers The tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent
learning.
Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve - Answers A graph that illustrates the decline of memory retention over
time.
7 Sins of Forgetting - Answers Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility,
bias, and persistence.
Blocking / Tip-of-the-tongue - Answers You know something but you cannot recall it exactly.
Memory misattribution - Answers Primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications.
False recognition - Answers Can be reduced with distinctive information.
Best indicator of accuracy - Answers When you ask them how they know they're right and they say
'because it's him.'
Implicit reasoning - Answers Proves to be more accurate than explicit reasoning.
Suggestibility / reconstruction - Answers Misleading details / filling in process can often be good for
memory but bad in case of misattribution.
Recovered memories - Answers Often in hypnotic therapy; traumatic events recalled after many years
where they could not be recalled.
Implanting memories - Answers Memories can be implanted; skepticism about reports of recovered
memories.
