WELL DETAILED
Adult vent rate and volume - answer 10-12 per minute each delivered over 1 second
Alpha receptors - answer located in arteries, stimulated by epinephrine or
norepinephrine, the arteries constrict, increases the bp and the blood flow returning to the
heart. Block these alpha-receptors and the arteries dilate. Thus an alpha-blocker medication
causes vasodilation and can be used to treat hypertension.
Complications with tracheostomy - answer bleeding
Air trapped around the lungs (pneumothorax)
Air trapped in the deeper layers of the chest(pneumomediastinum)
Air trapped underneath the skin around the tracheostomy (subcutaneous emphysema)
Damage to the swallowing tube (esophagus)
Injury to the nerve that moves the vocal cords (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
Complications of hyperventilation - answer if the level of carbon dioxide becomes
dangerously low, this is called hypocapnia. It can upset the acid-base balance in the blood. It
can cause problems such as fainting and seizures
Dyspnea/ nocturnal dypsnea - answer difficult or labored breathing. /sudden
awakening of the patient, after a couple of hours of sleep, with a feeling of severe anxiety,
breathlessness, and suffocatio
1
, Beta 1 receptors - answer beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. When beta-1
receptors are stimulated they increase the heart rate and increase the heart's strength of
contraction.
Beta 2 receptors - answer located in the bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of
the skeletal muscles. When these receptors are stimulated, they increase the diameter of
the bronchioles to let more air in and out during breathing
Beta blocker - answer antagonist med such as metoprolol (or other drugs ending in
'olol') which blocks beta-1 receptors thus decreasing heart rate and contractility which
decreases blood pressure for the hypertensive patient and decreases the chance of a
dysrhythmia after a heart attack by controlling the heart rat
Albuterol - answer agonist medication like an albuterol inhaler that stimulates beta-2
receptors in the lungs then we can dilate the bronchioles in the patient with bronchospasm
without causing excessive stimulation of the heart
Hypoxic drive - answer the hypoxic drive is a form of respiratory drive in which the
body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the
respiratory cycle. 02 will read high or low will pulsox in error.
Copd and hypoxic drive - answer lives chronically hypercarbic
they no longer respond to that stimulus, and their only trigger for respiratory drive is the
level of oxygen (or lack their of) in their blood. In individuals with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease and similar lung problems, the clinical features of oxygen toxicity are due
to high carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia). This leads to drowsiness
(narcosis), deranged acid-base balance due to respiratory acidosis, and death.
Stridor - answer a high pitched harsh sounding whistle that is loudest when
auscultating close to the mediastinum and neck
2
Adult vent rate and volume - answer 10-12 per minute each delivered over 1 second
Alpha receptors - answer located in arteries, stimulated by epinephrine or
norepinephrine, the arteries constrict, increases the bp and the blood flow returning to the
heart. Block these alpha-receptors and the arteries dilate. Thus an alpha-blocker medication
causes vasodilation and can be used to treat hypertension.
Complications with tracheostomy - answer bleeding
Air trapped around the lungs (pneumothorax)
Air trapped in the deeper layers of the chest(pneumomediastinum)
Air trapped underneath the skin around the tracheostomy (subcutaneous emphysema)
Damage to the swallowing tube (esophagus)
Injury to the nerve that moves the vocal cords (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
Complications of hyperventilation - answer if the level of carbon dioxide becomes
dangerously low, this is called hypocapnia. It can upset the acid-base balance in the blood. It
can cause problems such as fainting and seizures
Dyspnea/ nocturnal dypsnea - answer difficult or labored breathing. /sudden
awakening of the patient, after a couple of hours of sleep, with a feeling of severe anxiety,
breathlessness, and suffocatio
1
, Beta 1 receptors - answer beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. When beta-1
receptors are stimulated they increase the heart rate and increase the heart's strength of
contraction.
Beta 2 receptors - answer located in the bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of
the skeletal muscles. When these receptors are stimulated, they increase the diameter of
the bronchioles to let more air in and out during breathing
Beta blocker - answer antagonist med such as metoprolol (or other drugs ending in
'olol') which blocks beta-1 receptors thus decreasing heart rate and contractility which
decreases blood pressure for the hypertensive patient and decreases the chance of a
dysrhythmia after a heart attack by controlling the heart rat
Albuterol - answer agonist medication like an albuterol inhaler that stimulates beta-2
receptors in the lungs then we can dilate the bronchioles in the patient with bronchospasm
without causing excessive stimulation of the heart
Hypoxic drive - answer the hypoxic drive is a form of respiratory drive in which the
body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the
respiratory cycle. 02 will read high or low will pulsox in error.
Copd and hypoxic drive - answer lives chronically hypercarbic
they no longer respond to that stimulus, and their only trigger for respiratory drive is the
level of oxygen (or lack their of) in their blood. In individuals with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease and similar lung problems, the clinical features of oxygen toxicity are due
to high carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia). This leads to drowsiness
(narcosis), deranged acid-base balance due to respiratory acidosis, and death.
Stridor - answer a high pitched harsh sounding whistle that is loudest when
auscultating close to the mediastinum and neck
2
