BIO 245 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔numerical aperture - ✔✔the ability of a lens to capture light and impacts resolution
✔✔Which of the following colors on the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light) has the
shortest wavelength and highest energy? - ✔✔violet
✔✔Frequency has a(n) ________ relationship with wavelength, and a(n) _________
relationship with energy. Check ALL relationships that apply - ✔✔indirect; direct
inverse; direct
✔✔What is the total magnification of a compound microscope with a 8X ocular lens and
a 40X objective lens? Remember to include appropriate unit. - ✔✔320X
✔✔What cellular component differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells
and results in different staining properties? - ✔✔peptidogylcan
✔✔As a microbiologist lab technician you have been tasked to characterize the
respiratory specimen (shown in image). After conducting a Gram Stain and microscopic
analysis, you concluded that this specimen is Gram-negative and has a bacilli
morphology. Hint: Cells are reddish-pink - ✔✔gram negative
bacilli
✔✔Which scientist was the first to observe structures that resembled a honeycomb that
he later termed a "cell"? - ✔✔robert hooke
✔✔grams iodide - ✔✔a mordant that complexes with crystal violet stain
✔✔safranin - ✔✔counterstain that imparts color to gram negative cells
✔✔crystal violet - ✔✔primary stain that imparts color to gram positive cells
✔✔alcohol - ✔✔decolorizer that results in colorless gram negative cells
✔✔Which scientist determined that bacterial cells preferentially take up and retain
certain stains during his examination of lung tissue from a patient with pneumonia? -
✔✔Hans Christian Gram
✔✔Which differential stain is used to view structures that are responsible for bacterial
motility? - ✔✔Flagella Stain
,✔✔Directions: Please match the numbered boxes with the Brightfield Microscope part.
Each microscope part will be used only ONCE. - ✔✔1. ocular lens eyepiece
2. revolving nosepiece
4. coarse focus knob
6. stage to hold specimen
7. illuminator/light source
9. mechanical stage
✔✔Which individual articulated the theory of Spontaneous Generation? - ✔✔Aristotle
✔✔Which scientist conducted an experiment that demonstrated that maggots did not
spontaneously grow on meat using cork-sealed and gauze-covered containers? -
✔✔Francesco Redi
✔✔The Principle of __________ states that all cells only are derived from other cells -
✔✔biogenesis
✔✔Eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplast are theorized to have been derived from
a(n)____ and a(n) _______ bacterium, respectively according to the Endosymbiotic
Theory - ✔✔aerobic
photosynthetic
✔✔Which of the following cellular components are NOT found in all cells? - ✔✔flagella
✔✔A hypertonic solution has a lower solute/salt concentration in the external
environment relative to the intracellular environment and results in water movement into
cell and eventual plasmolysis - ✔✔hypotonic; cell lysis
✔✔Gram-positive organisms form endospores during unfavorable environmental
conditions via a process termed sporulation - ✔✔endospores; sporulation
✔✔Which mode of membrane transport of molecules requires carriers and/or
membrane channels? - ✔✔facilitated diffusion
✔✔Which of the following peptidoglycan components is NOT found in the Gram-
negative bacteria? - ✔✔pentapeptide cross-link
✔✔What is the flagellar arrangement depicted in image? - ✔✔lophotrichous
✔✔Which of the following represents prokaryotic flagellar movement in response to
light? - ✔✔Phototaxis
, ✔✔Which of the following organelles is NOT included within the Endomembrane
System? - ✔✔Peroxisomes
✔✔nucleus - ✔✔ceo of the cell that controls all cellular activites
✔✔rought endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔site of ribosomal protein synthesis
✔✔golgi apparatus - ✔✔glycosylation to lipids and proteins transported from the rough
ER
✔✔lysosomes - ✔✔vesicles with digestive enzymes to break down particles
✔✔peroxisomes - ✔✔degrade hydrogen peroxide and lipid biosynthesis
✔✔smooth ER - ✔✔lipid biosynthesis and cellular detoxification
✔✔Which following cytoskeletal structures are found in cilia and flagella? -
✔✔Microtubules
✔✔Which cellular organelle is the site of photosynthesis? - ✔✔Chloroplast
✔✔Which form of eukaryotic endocytosis involves the "drinking"/internalization of small,
dissolved materials and liquids? - ✔✔Pinocytosis
✔✔Which of the following statements does NOT accurately characterize prokaryotic
organisms? - ✔✔All pathogenic and detrimental
✔✔Which extremophile type includes organisms that can thrive in environments with
high salt? - ✔✔Halophile
✔✔Which aerotolerance category includes bacteria that can grow in the presence or
absence of oxygen? - ✔✔Facultative anaerobes
✔✔Which type of symbiotic relationship is characterized by a population that is
benefitted, while the other population is harmed? - ✔✔Parasitism
✔✔Gram positive bacteria are classified based on their cell wall staining and _______
content. - ✔✔guanine and cytosine
✔✔The human microbiome includes ______ microbiota that are temporarily found in the
human body and include human pathogens. - ✔✔transient
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔numerical aperture - ✔✔the ability of a lens to capture light and impacts resolution
✔✔Which of the following colors on the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light) has the
shortest wavelength and highest energy? - ✔✔violet
✔✔Frequency has a(n) ________ relationship with wavelength, and a(n) _________
relationship with energy. Check ALL relationships that apply - ✔✔indirect; direct
inverse; direct
✔✔What is the total magnification of a compound microscope with a 8X ocular lens and
a 40X objective lens? Remember to include appropriate unit. - ✔✔320X
✔✔What cellular component differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells
and results in different staining properties? - ✔✔peptidogylcan
✔✔As a microbiologist lab technician you have been tasked to characterize the
respiratory specimen (shown in image). After conducting a Gram Stain and microscopic
analysis, you concluded that this specimen is Gram-negative and has a bacilli
morphology. Hint: Cells are reddish-pink - ✔✔gram negative
bacilli
✔✔Which scientist was the first to observe structures that resembled a honeycomb that
he later termed a "cell"? - ✔✔robert hooke
✔✔grams iodide - ✔✔a mordant that complexes with crystal violet stain
✔✔safranin - ✔✔counterstain that imparts color to gram negative cells
✔✔crystal violet - ✔✔primary stain that imparts color to gram positive cells
✔✔alcohol - ✔✔decolorizer that results in colorless gram negative cells
✔✔Which scientist determined that bacterial cells preferentially take up and retain
certain stains during his examination of lung tissue from a patient with pneumonia? -
✔✔Hans Christian Gram
✔✔Which differential stain is used to view structures that are responsible for bacterial
motility? - ✔✔Flagella Stain
,✔✔Directions: Please match the numbered boxes with the Brightfield Microscope part.
Each microscope part will be used only ONCE. - ✔✔1. ocular lens eyepiece
2. revolving nosepiece
4. coarse focus knob
6. stage to hold specimen
7. illuminator/light source
9. mechanical stage
✔✔Which individual articulated the theory of Spontaneous Generation? - ✔✔Aristotle
✔✔Which scientist conducted an experiment that demonstrated that maggots did not
spontaneously grow on meat using cork-sealed and gauze-covered containers? -
✔✔Francesco Redi
✔✔The Principle of __________ states that all cells only are derived from other cells -
✔✔biogenesis
✔✔Eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplast are theorized to have been derived from
a(n)____ and a(n) _______ bacterium, respectively according to the Endosymbiotic
Theory - ✔✔aerobic
photosynthetic
✔✔Which of the following cellular components are NOT found in all cells? - ✔✔flagella
✔✔A hypertonic solution has a lower solute/salt concentration in the external
environment relative to the intracellular environment and results in water movement into
cell and eventual plasmolysis - ✔✔hypotonic; cell lysis
✔✔Gram-positive organisms form endospores during unfavorable environmental
conditions via a process termed sporulation - ✔✔endospores; sporulation
✔✔Which mode of membrane transport of molecules requires carriers and/or
membrane channels? - ✔✔facilitated diffusion
✔✔Which of the following peptidoglycan components is NOT found in the Gram-
negative bacteria? - ✔✔pentapeptide cross-link
✔✔What is the flagellar arrangement depicted in image? - ✔✔lophotrichous
✔✔Which of the following represents prokaryotic flagellar movement in response to
light? - ✔✔Phototaxis
, ✔✔Which of the following organelles is NOT included within the Endomembrane
System? - ✔✔Peroxisomes
✔✔nucleus - ✔✔ceo of the cell that controls all cellular activites
✔✔rought endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔site of ribosomal protein synthesis
✔✔golgi apparatus - ✔✔glycosylation to lipids and proteins transported from the rough
ER
✔✔lysosomes - ✔✔vesicles with digestive enzymes to break down particles
✔✔peroxisomes - ✔✔degrade hydrogen peroxide and lipid biosynthesis
✔✔smooth ER - ✔✔lipid biosynthesis and cellular detoxification
✔✔Which following cytoskeletal structures are found in cilia and flagella? -
✔✔Microtubules
✔✔Which cellular organelle is the site of photosynthesis? - ✔✔Chloroplast
✔✔Which form of eukaryotic endocytosis involves the "drinking"/internalization of small,
dissolved materials and liquids? - ✔✔Pinocytosis
✔✔Which of the following statements does NOT accurately characterize prokaryotic
organisms? - ✔✔All pathogenic and detrimental
✔✔Which extremophile type includes organisms that can thrive in environments with
high salt? - ✔✔Halophile
✔✔Which aerotolerance category includes bacteria that can grow in the presence or
absence of oxygen? - ✔✔Facultative anaerobes
✔✔Which type of symbiotic relationship is characterized by a population that is
benefitted, while the other population is harmed? - ✔✔Parasitism
✔✔Gram positive bacteria are classified based on their cell wall staining and _______
content. - ✔✔guanine and cytosine
✔✔The human microbiome includes ______ microbiota that are temporarily found in the
human body and include human pathogens. - ✔✔transient
