,THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND APPLIED RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
n
tio
cia
J A N UA RY 2025 | VO LU M E 4 8 | S U P P L E M E N T 1
so
DIABETESJOURNALS.ORG/CARE
s As
te
be
ia
nD
ica
er
m
Standards of Care
©A
in Diabetes
2025 ISSN 0149-5992
, American Diabetes Association
n
tio
Standards of Care in
cia
Diabetesd2025
so
s As
te
be
ia
nD
ica
er
m
©A
© 2024 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this work as long as the work is properly
cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. Readers may link to the version of
record of this work on https://diabetesjournals.org/care but ADA permission is required to post this work on
any third-party website or platform. Requests to reuse or repurpose; adapt or modify; or post, display, or
distribute this work may be sent to .
, January 2025 Volume 48, Supplement 1
[T]he simple word Care may suffice to express [the journal's] philosophical
mission. The new journal is designed to promote better patient care by
n
serving the expanded needs of all health professionals committed to the care
of patients with diabetes. As such, the American Diabetes Association views
tio
Diabetes Care as a reaffirmation of Francis Weld Peabody's contention that
“the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient.”
—Norbert Freinkel, Diabetes Care, January-February 1978
cia
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Steven E. Kahn, MB, ChB
DEPUTY EDITORS
so
Cheryl A.M. Anderson, PhD, MPH, MS John B. Buse, MD, PhD Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, MPH
AD HOC EDITORS
s
Mark A. Atkinson, PhD M. Sue Kirkman, MD Matthew C. Riddle, MD
Frank B. Hu, MD, MPH, PhD Stephen S. Rich, PhD
sA
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sonia Y. Angell, MD, MPH, DTM&H, FACP Michael J. Haller, MD Casey M. Rebholz, PhD, MS, MNSP, MPH, FAHA
Vanita R. Aroda, MD Ania M. Jastreboff, MD, PhD Michael R. Rickels, MD, MS
te
Alice Y.Y. Cheng, MD, FRCPC Alka M. Kanaya, MD Naveed Sattar, FMedSci, FRCPath, FRCPGlas, FRSE
Matthew J. Crowley, MD, MHS Namratha R. Kandula, MD, MPH Jonathan E. Shaw, MD, MRCP (U.K.), FRACP
Thomas P.A. Danne, MD Csaba P. Kovesdy, MD, FASN David Simmons, FRACP, FRCP, MD (Cantab)
Justin B. Echouffo Tcheugui, MD, PhD, MPhil Neda Laiteerapong, MD, MS Emily K. Sims, MD
be
Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick, PhD Kristen J. Nadeau, MD, MS Kristina M. Utzschneider, MD
Meghana D. Gadgil, MD, MPH Jeremy Pettus, MD Adrian Vella, MD, FRCP (Edin)
Amalia Gastaldelli, PhD Rodica Pop-Busui, MD, PhD Cuilin Zhang, MD, MPH, PhD
Anna L. Gloyn, DPhil Jennifer E. Posey, MD, PhD, FACMG
Jennifer B. Green, MD Camille E. Powe, MD
ia
EDITORIAL BOARD
nD
David Aguilar, MD Anna Kahkoska, MD, PhD Archana R. Sadhu, MD, FACE
Mohammed K. Ali, MD, MSc, MBA Alice Pik Shan Kong, MD Brian M. Schmidt, DPM
Fida Bacha, MD Kamlesh Khunti, MD Christina M. Scifres, MD
Harpreet Bajaj, MD, MPH, FACE Britta Larson, PhD Viral Shah, MD
A. Sidney Barritt IV, MD, MSCR, FACG, FAASLD Richard David Graham Leslie, MD, FRCP, FAoP Jennifer Sherr, MD, PhD
ica
Rita Basu, MD Ildiko Lingvay, MD, MPH, MSCS Jung-Im Shin, MD, PhD
Fiona Bragg, MBChB, MRCP, DPhil, FFPH Andrea Luk, MD Cate Speake, PhD
Sonia Caprio, MD Viswanathan Mohan, MD, PhD, DSc, Til Sturmer, MD, MPH, PhD
April Carson, PhD, MSPH FACE, MACP Keiichi Sumida, MD, MPH, PhD, FASN
Ranee Chatterjee, MD, MPH Helen R. Murphy, MBBChBAO, FRACP, MD Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, MBBS, MPH, PhD
Mark Emmanuel Cooper, MB BS, PhD Michael A. Nauck, MD Eva Tseng, MD, MPH
er
Ian de Boer, MD, MS Matthew J. O’Brien, MD, MSc Kohjiro Ueki, MD, PhD
Alessandro Doria, MD, PhD, MPH Neha J. Pagidipati, MD, MPH Daniel van Raalte, MD, PhD
Denice Feig, MD, MSc, FRCPC Elisabetta Patorno, DrPH, MD Eva Vivian, PharmD, MS, PhD, CDCES, BC-ADM
m
Hermes J. Florez, MD, PhD, MPH Monica E. Peek, MD, MPH, MS Elizabeth Vrany, PhD
Juan Pablo Frias, MD Frederik Persson, MD, DMSc Pandora L. Wander, MD, MS, FACP
Emily J. Gallagher, MB BCh BAO, MRCPI, PhD Richard E. Pratley, MD Deborah J. Wexler, MD, MSc
Ahmad Haidar, PhD David Preiss, PhD, FRCPath, MRCP Joseph Wolfsdorf, MB, BCh
©A
Jessica Lee Harding, PhD Jonathan Q. Purnell, MD, FTOS Geng Zong, PhD
Marie-France Hivert, MD, MMSc Qibin Qi, PhD
Allyson Hughes, PhD Maria J. Redondo, MD, PhD, MPH
Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD Ravi Retnakaran, MD, MSc
Linong Ji, MD Peter Rossing, MD, DMSc
The mission of the American Diabetes Association
is to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve
the lives of all people affected by diabetes.
n
tio
cia
J A N UA RY 2025 | VO LU M E 4 8 | S U P P L E M E N T 1
so
DIABETESJOURNALS.ORG/CARE
s As
te
be
ia
nD
ica
er
m
Standards of Care
©A
in Diabetes
2025 ISSN 0149-5992
, American Diabetes Association
n
tio
Standards of Care in
cia
Diabetesd2025
so
s As
te
be
ia
nD
ica
er
m
©A
© 2024 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this work as long as the work is properly
cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. Readers may link to the version of
record of this work on https://diabetesjournals.org/care but ADA permission is required to post this work on
any third-party website or platform. Requests to reuse or repurpose; adapt or modify; or post, display, or
distribute this work may be sent to .
, January 2025 Volume 48, Supplement 1
[T]he simple word Care may suffice to express [the journal's] philosophical
mission. The new journal is designed to promote better patient care by
n
serving the expanded needs of all health professionals committed to the care
of patients with diabetes. As such, the American Diabetes Association views
tio
Diabetes Care as a reaffirmation of Francis Weld Peabody's contention that
“the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient.”
—Norbert Freinkel, Diabetes Care, January-February 1978
cia
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Steven E. Kahn, MB, ChB
DEPUTY EDITORS
so
Cheryl A.M. Anderson, PhD, MPH, MS John B. Buse, MD, PhD Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, MPH
AD HOC EDITORS
s
Mark A. Atkinson, PhD M. Sue Kirkman, MD Matthew C. Riddle, MD
Frank B. Hu, MD, MPH, PhD Stephen S. Rich, PhD
sA
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sonia Y. Angell, MD, MPH, DTM&H, FACP Michael J. Haller, MD Casey M. Rebholz, PhD, MS, MNSP, MPH, FAHA
Vanita R. Aroda, MD Ania M. Jastreboff, MD, PhD Michael R. Rickels, MD, MS
te
Alice Y.Y. Cheng, MD, FRCPC Alka M. Kanaya, MD Naveed Sattar, FMedSci, FRCPath, FRCPGlas, FRSE
Matthew J. Crowley, MD, MHS Namratha R. Kandula, MD, MPH Jonathan E. Shaw, MD, MRCP (U.K.), FRACP
Thomas P.A. Danne, MD Csaba P. Kovesdy, MD, FASN David Simmons, FRACP, FRCP, MD (Cantab)
Justin B. Echouffo Tcheugui, MD, PhD, MPhil Neda Laiteerapong, MD, MS Emily K. Sims, MD
be
Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick, PhD Kristen J. Nadeau, MD, MS Kristina M. Utzschneider, MD
Meghana D. Gadgil, MD, MPH Jeremy Pettus, MD Adrian Vella, MD, FRCP (Edin)
Amalia Gastaldelli, PhD Rodica Pop-Busui, MD, PhD Cuilin Zhang, MD, MPH, PhD
Anna L. Gloyn, DPhil Jennifer E. Posey, MD, PhD, FACMG
Jennifer B. Green, MD Camille E. Powe, MD
ia
EDITORIAL BOARD
nD
David Aguilar, MD Anna Kahkoska, MD, PhD Archana R. Sadhu, MD, FACE
Mohammed K. Ali, MD, MSc, MBA Alice Pik Shan Kong, MD Brian M. Schmidt, DPM
Fida Bacha, MD Kamlesh Khunti, MD Christina M. Scifres, MD
Harpreet Bajaj, MD, MPH, FACE Britta Larson, PhD Viral Shah, MD
A. Sidney Barritt IV, MD, MSCR, FACG, FAASLD Richard David Graham Leslie, MD, FRCP, FAoP Jennifer Sherr, MD, PhD
ica
Rita Basu, MD Ildiko Lingvay, MD, MPH, MSCS Jung-Im Shin, MD, PhD
Fiona Bragg, MBChB, MRCP, DPhil, FFPH Andrea Luk, MD Cate Speake, PhD
Sonia Caprio, MD Viswanathan Mohan, MD, PhD, DSc, Til Sturmer, MD, MPH, PhD
April Carson, PhD, MSPH FACE, MACP Keiichi Sumida, MD, MPH, PhD, FASN
Ranee Chatterjee, MD, MPH Helen R. Murphy, MBBChBAO, FRACP, MD Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, MBBS, MPH, PhD
Mark Emmanuel Cooper, MB BS, PhD Michael A. Nauck, MD Eva Tseng, MD, MPH
er
Ian de Boer, MD, MS Matthew J. O’Brien, MD, MSc Kohjiro Ueki, MD, PhD
Alessandro Doria, MD, PhD, MPH Neha J. Pagidipati, MD, MPH Daniel van Raalte, MD, PhD
Denice Feig, MD, MSc, FRCPC Elisabetta Patorno, DrPH, MD Eva Vivian, PharmD, MS, PhD, CDCES, BC-ADM
m
Hermes J. Florez, MD, PhD, MPH Monica E. Peek, MD, MPH, MS Elizabeth Vrany, PhD
Juan Pablo Frias, MD Frederik Persson, MD, DMSc Pandora L. Wander, MD, MS, FACP
Emily J. Gallagher, MB BCh BAO, MRCPI, PhD Richard E. Pratley, MD Deborah J. Wexler, MD, MSc
Ahmad Haidar, PhD David Preiss, PhD, FRCPath, MRCP Joseph Wolfsdorf, MB, BCh
©A
Jessica Lee Harding, PhD Jonathan Q. Purnell, MD, FTOS Geng Zong, PhD
Marie-France Hivert, MD, MMSc Qibin Qi, PhD
Allyson Hughes, PhD Maria J. Redondo, MD, PhD, MPH
Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD Ravi Retnakaran, MD, MSc
Linong Ji, MD Peter Rossing, MD, DMSc
The mission of the American Diabetes Association
is to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve
the lives of all people affected by diabetes.
