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Bio 111 – 55 Exam Questions with Answers – Photosynthesis, DNA, Gene Expression – 2025/2026

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This document offers a complete set of 55 exam-style questions with correct answers for the Bio 111 course, covering core topics in molecular and cellular biology. It is ideal for students enrolled in introductory biology, including those pursuing degrees in biology, pre-med, molecular biology, biotechnology, biochemistry, or environmental science. The questions are clearly structured to support exam preparation and concept mastery across key areas such as: Photosynthesis: chloroplast structure, light reactions, Calvin cycle Cellular respiration and chemiosmosis DNA structure and replication: nucleotides, enzymes, repair mechanisms Gene expression: transcription, translation, RNA processing Types of mutations: silent, missense, nonsense, insertion, deletion, frameshift Gene regulation: operon models (lac and trp), transcription factors, chromatin structure Cancer biology: proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and mutation-driven cell cycle disruption Designed for the 2025/2026 academic year, this resource is highly effective for active recall, reinforcement of key biological processes, and exam readiness. Keywords: photosynthesis, chloroplast, light reactions, Calvin cycle, ATP, NADPH, DNA structure, DNA replication, RNA polymerase, transcription, translation, codons, gene regulation, lac operon, trp operon, mutations, point mutation, frameshift, chromatin, transcription factors, cancer genetics, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, cell cycle, Bio 111

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Bio 111 Exam 3- Fletcher 2025/2026
Exam Questions and Correct Answers |
New Update



Importance of photosynthesis to living organisms - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔plants

use photosynthesis to produce food, and those plants feed the biosphere


Chloroplast - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔organelle found in cells of plants and some

other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into

chemical energy


Main structures involved photosynthesis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chloroplast-

double membrane

- stroma: liquid

,Grana- stacks of thylakoids/ all light reactions going to occur

Luma- inside of the thylakoids


Substrates and products of photosynthesis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Substrates:

H2O, CO2, Sunlight

Products: ATP and NADPH


Explain how plants absorb energy from sunlight - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-

Chlorophyll A and B: captures light for photosynthesis

- light goes from ground state to excited state

-


short wavelength - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔high frequency (bluish colors, high-

pitched sounds)


long wavelength - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔low frequency (reddish colors, low-

pitched sounds)


How/Where does photosynthesis take place? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts by absorbing water, light,

and CO2 gas

, thylakoid membrane - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The photosynthetic membrane within

a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron

transport chains.


Photosystem II - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- One of two light-capturing units in a

chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes

- comes before PS 1

- The electrons are returned to Chlorophyl A by splitting water, resulting in

oxygen as a water product


Photosystem 1 (PS1) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- A light capturing enzyme in the

thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast; reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

-


Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔uses the high-energy

electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP


Inputs of Calvin Cycle - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CO2, ATP, NADPH


Outputs of Calvin Cycle - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔ADP, NADP+, G3P


Calvin Cycle - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔3 phases: - Carbon fixation



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