ANSC 4395 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
ithin a breed
✔✔A.I. & E.T. have allowed for... - ✔✔Faster progeny testing and selection has become
much more efficient
✔✔The Future... - ✔✔-Cloning
-Genetically engineered compounds
-Gene therapy
-Gene splicing
-DNA transfer (may make their way into livestock improvement plans)
✔✔The primary goal of animal breeders is to... - ✔✔Identify animals with desirable
genes and increase the frequency of those genes
✔✔What is the best animal? - ✔✔No one has the answer, everyone likely has an
opinion though.
EX: Lab-show winner
Cattle-cutability/% muscle or quality grade
Dairy Cattle-most milk or best udder
✔✔How do you breed an animal so offspring will be the best or better than the parents?
- ✔✔The answer involves genetic principles and animal breeding technologies
✔✔"Systems Approach" definition - ✔✔More objective means of determining the best
animal
✔✔System - ✔✔a group of interdependent component parts
EX: Corporation, family, farm, ranch
✔✔Animal - ✔✔Characteristic genotype(s), may be more than one
EX: Small size, low feed intake, low production, high milkfat
✔✔Physical environment - ✔✔elements of the environment over which humans exert
little or no control
✔✔Fixed resources - ✔✔the size of the farm, ability of the farm to grow supplementary
feeds, and available labor
, ✔✔Management - ✔✔all policies implemented by the farmer- feeding, healthcare,
length of time the animal is on the farm
✔✔Economics - ✔✔costs of farm inputs like feed, labor and suuplies and the prices of
farm outputs (revenue), long and short term interest rates
✔✔Traits - ✔✔any observable or measurable characteristics of an animal
EX: Presence of horns, height, YW, Calving ease, Litter size
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in
an individual
EX: Horn, polled, dehorned, 14 hands, 50 inches, 850 lbs, assisted or unassisted
calving ease, 5 or 11 in a litter
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔the genetic make-up of an individual
✔✔G + E= - ✔✔P
*Phenotype is determined by its genotype and the environment it experiences
✔✔Environmental Effect - ✔✔the effects that external factors have on animal
performance
✔✔What are two examples of a specific genotype? - ✔✔Heat tolerance and parasite
resistance
✔✔Biological type - ✔✔a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of
interest
EX: Heavy draft types (horses)
Prolific wool types (sheep)
Dual-purpose types (cattle)
✔✔Interaction - ✔✔a dependent relationship among components of a system in which
the effect of any one component depends on other components present in the system
EX: The best health program depends on the pathogens in the area
✔✔Genotype by Environment Interaction - ✔✔a dependent relationship between
genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two or
more genotypes changes from environment to environment
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
ithin a breed
✔✔A.I. & E.T. have allowed for... - ✔✔Faster progeny testing and selection has become
much more efficient
✔✔The Future... - ✔✔-Cloning
-Genetically engineered compounds
-Gene therapy
-Gene splicing
-DNA transfer (may make their way into livestock improvement plans)
✔✔The primary goal of animal breeders is to... - ✔✔Identify animals with desirable
genes and increase the frequency of those genes
✔✔What is the best animal? - ✔✔No one has the answer, everyone likely has an
opinion though.
EX: Lab-show winner
Cattle-cutability/% muscle or quality grade
Dairy Cattle-most milk or best udder
✔✔How do you breed an animal so offspring will be the best or better than the parents?
- ✔✔The answer involves genetic principles and animal breeding technologies
✔✔"Systems Approach" definition - ✔✔More objective means of determining the best
animal
✔✔System - ✔✔a group of interdependent component parts
EX: Corporation, family, farm, ranch
✔✔Animal - ✔✔Characteristic genotype(s), may be more than one
EX: Small size, low feed intake, low production, high milkfat
✔✔Physical environment - ✔✔elements of the environment over which humans exert
little or no control
✔✔Fixed resources - ✔✔the size of the farm, ability of the farm to grow supplementary
feeds, and available labor
, ✔✔Management - ✔✔all policies implemented by the farmer- feeding, healthcare,
length of time the animal is on the farm
✔✔Economics - ✔✔costs of farm inputs like feed, labor and suuplies and the prices of
farm outputs (revenue), long and short term interest rates
✔✔Traits - ✔✔any observable or measurable characteristics of an animal
EX: Presence of horns, height, YW, Calving ease, Litter size
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in
an individual
EX: Horn, polled, dehorned, 14 hands, 50 inches, 850 lbs, assisted or unassisted
calving ease, 5 or 11 in a litter
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔the genetic make-up of an individual
✔✔G + E= - ✔✔P
*Phenotype is determined by its genotype and the environment it experiences
✔✔Environmental Effect - ✔✔the effects that external factors have on animal
performance
✔✔What are two examples of a specific genotype? - ✔✔Heat tolerance and parasite
resistance
✔✔Biological type - ✔✔a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of
interest
EX: Heavy draft types (horses)
Prolific wool types (sheep)
Dual-purpose types (cattle)
✔✔Interaction - ✔✔a dependent relationship among components of a system in which
the effect of any one component depends on other components present in the system
EX: The best health program depends on the pathogens in the area
✔✔Genotype by Environment Interaction - ✔✔a dependent relationship between
genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two or
more genotypes changes from environment to environment
