NSG 555 ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What are other risk factors for portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Risk factors include oral
contraceptive use, pregnancy, chronic inflammatory disease, injury to the portal venous
system, and treatment of thrombocytopenia with eltrombopag.
✔✔What are common symptoms of portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Symptoms include
abdominal pain, splenomegaly, and ascites (in 25% of people).
✔✔What lab findings are associated with portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Lab findings are
typically normal or minimally elevated, with underlying hypercoagulability.
✔✔What is the initial diagnostic test for portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Color Doppler
ultrasonography is the initial diagnostic test.
✔✔What imaging techniques confirm portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔CT with contrast and
MRA confirm the diagnosis.
✔✔What does endoscopy reveal in cases of portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Endoscopy
may show esophageal or gastric varices.
✔✔What is the treatment for variceal bleeding caused by splenic vein thrombosis? -
✔✔Splenectomy is curative for variceal bleeding caused by splenic vein thrombosis.
✔✔What is the general treatment approach for variceal bleeding? - ✔✔Band ligation
followed by beta blockers to reduce portal pressure is initiated.
✔✔When is portosystemic shunting considered in portal vein thrombosis treatment? -
✔✔Portosystemic shunting is reserved for failures of endoscopic therapy.
✔✔What anticoagulation treatments are used for isolated acute portal vein thrombosis?
- ✔✔Low-molecular weight or unfractionated heparin or thrombolytic therapy is used.
✔✔What factors influence the decision to prescribe anticoagulants for patients with
cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Factors include the presence of ascites, the
patient's fall risk, the extent and progression of the clot, and candidacy for liver
transplantation.
✔✔What are common causes of constipation? - ✔✔Causes include inadequate fiber or
fluid intake, poor bowel habits, systemic diseases (like hypothyroidism, diabetes), and
medications (like opioids and diuretics).
, ✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of chronic constipation? - ✔✔Signs include
findings from digital rectal examination and patient history.
✔✔What dietary changes can help treat chronic constipation? - ✔✔Adequate dietary
fluid and fiber intake, including green kiwifruits and sorbitol-containing fruits (prunes,
plums, apricots).
✔✔What types of laxatives are used for chronic constipation treatment? - ✔✔Laxatives
include osmotic stimulants, secretagogues, serotonin 5-HT4-Receptor agonists, and
opioid receptor antagonists.
✔✔What are the signs of fecal impaction? - ✔✔Signs include decreased appetite,
nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and distention.
✔✔When should patients with constipation be referred for colonoscopy? - ✔✔Patients
with 'alarm' symptoms or refractory constipation should be referred.
✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of internal hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Signs include
bleeding, prolapse, and mucoid discharge.
✔✔What conservative measures can be taken for hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Measures include
a high fiber diet, increased fluid intake, limiting toilet sitting to 5 minutes, and avoiding
straining.
✔✔What medical treatments are available for hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Medical treatments
include rubber band ligation and electrocoagulation.
✔✔What surgical option is available for chronic hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Surgical excision is
a surgical option for chronic hemorrhoids.
✔✔What causes thrombosed external hemorrhoids? - ✔✔They result from a perianal
hematoma caused by coughing, lifting, or straining.
✔✔What are the essentials of diagnosis for Hepatitis A? - ✔✔Essentials include a
prodrome of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, aversion to smoking, fever, enlarged
and tender liver, jaundice, normal to low white cell count, and markedly elevated
aminotransferases.
✔✔What viruses can cause hepatitis? - ✔✔Hepatitis can be caused by viruses A, B, C,
D, and E.
✔✔How does the clinical presentation of hepatitis differ between adults and children? -
✔✔Clinical findings are more severe in adults than in children.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What are other risk factors for portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Risk factors include oral
contraceptive use, pregnancy, chronic inflammatory disease, injury to the portal venous
system, and treatment of thrombocytopenia with eltrombopag.
✔✔What are common symptoms of portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Symptoms include
abdominal pain, splenomegaly, and ascites (in 25% of people).
✔✔What lab findings are associated with portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Lab findings are
typically normal or minimally elevated, with underlying hypercoagulability.
✔✔What is the initial diagnostic test for portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Color Doppler
ultrasonography is the initial diagnostic test.
✔✔What imaging techniques confirm portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔CT with contrast and
MRA confirm the diagnosis.
✔✔What does endoscopy reveal in cases of portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Endoscopy
may show esophageal or gastric varices.
✔✔What is the treatment for variceal bleeding caused by splenic vein thrombosis? -
✔✔Splenectomy is curative for variceal bleeding caused by splenic vein thrombosis.
✔✔What is the general treatment approach for variceal bleeding? - ✔✔Band ligation
followed by beta blockers to reduce portal pressure is initiated.
✔✔When is portosystemic shunting considered in portal vein thrombosis treatment? -
✔✔Portosystemic shunting is reserved for failures of endoscopic therapy.
✔✔What anticoagulation treatments are used for isolated acute portal vein thrombosis?
- ✔✔Low-molecular weight or unfractionated heparin or thrombolytic therapy is used.
✔✔What factors influence the decision to prescribe anticoagulants for patients with
cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? - ✔✔Factors include the presence of ascites, the
patient's fall risk, the extent and progression of the clot, and candidacy for liver
transplantation.
✔✔What are common causes of constipation? - ✔✔Causes include inadequate fiber or
fluid intake, poor bowel habits, systemic diseases (like hypothyroidism, diabetes), and
medications (like opioids and diuretics).
, ✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of chronic constipation? - ✔✔Signs include
findings from digital rectal examination and patient history.
✔✔What dietary changes can help treat chronic constipation? - ✔✔Adequate dietary
fluid and fiber intake, including green kiwifruits and sorbitol-containing fruits (prunes,
plums, apricots).
✔✔What types of laxatives are used for chronic constipation treatment? - ✔✔Laxatives
include osmotic stimulants, secretagogues, serotonin 5-HT4-Receptor agonists, and
opioid receptor antagonists.
✔✔What are the signs of fecal impaction? - ✔✔Signs include decreased appetite,
nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and distention.
✔✔When should patients with constipation be referred for colonoscopy? - ✔✔Patients
with 'alarm' symptoms or refractory constipation should be referred.
✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of internal hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Signs include
bleeding, prolapse, and mucoid discharge.
✔✔What conservative measures can be taken for hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Measures include
a high fiber diet, increased fluid intake, limiting toilet sitting to 5 minutes, and avoiding
straining.
✔✔What medical treatments are available for hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Medical treatments
include rubber band ligation and electrocoagulation.
✔✔What surgical option is available for chronic hemorrhoids? - ✔✔Surgical excision is
a surgical option for chronic hemorrhoids.
✔✔What causes thrombosed external hemorrhoids? - ✔✔They result from a perianal
hematoma caused by coughing, lifting, or straining.
✔✔What are the essentials of diagnosis for Hepatitis A? - ✔✔Essentials include a
prodrome of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, aversion to smoking, fever, enlarged
and tender liver, jaundice, normal to low white cell count, and markedly elevated
aminotransferases.
✔✔What viruses can cause hepatitis? - ✔✔Hepatitis can be caused by viruses A, B, C,
D, and E.
✔✔How does the clinical presentation of hepatitis differ between adults and children? -
✔✔Clinical findings are more severe in adults than in children.
