NURS 316 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔List the components of plasma: - ✔✔• 91% H2O
• 8% proteins
• 1% other solutes
✔✔Erythrocytes: - ✔✔carry oxygen from lungs to body and bring CO2 back to lungs to
be expelled
Normal blood level:
✔✔Leukocytes: - ✔✔protect body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders
Normal blood level:
✔✔Thrombocytes: - ✔✔stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries
Normal blood level:
✔✔What are the risks associated with polycythemia? - ✔✔Excess RBCs which lead to
increased blood viscosity and clinical manifestations include hypertension
✔✔Polycythemia vera: - ✔✔neoplastic transformation of bone marrow stem cells
(normal cells→ tumor cells)
✔✔Secondary polycythemia: - ✔✔due to chronic hypoxemia (increase RBC count)
✔✔Relative polycythemia: - ✔✔due to chronic dehydration (increase RBC count)
✔✔What is the clinical presentation of a patient diagnosed with anemia? - ✔✔•
Increased HR/CO
• Increased RR
• Increased work of breathing
• General: fatigue, weakness, H/A, dizziness, visual disturbances, irritability, confusion
• Respiratory: dyspnea on exertion
• Cardiac: angina, tachycardia, palpitations, LV hypertrophy (hardening and thickening
of heart wall), orthostatic hypotension
• Skin & mucous membranes: pallor &/or jaundice of skin; brittle, spoon-shaped nails;
angular cheilitis (chapped lips); brittle hair; smooth tongue
✔✔What is the most common type of anemia for all age groups? - ✔✔Iron deficiency
anemia
✔✔What is iron deficiency anemia caused by? - ✔✔• Dietary deficiency
• Loss of iron from blood loss
• Increased demand
, ✔✔List some clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia: - ✔✔o Decreased H&H
o Decreased RBCs
o Decreased MCV
o Decreased MCHC
o Microcytic & hypochromic RBCs
✔✔What patient teaching will you provide for a patient prescribed to take an iron
supplement? - ✔✔Increase fiber & fluids
✔✔List the five steps/ stages of hemostasis: - ✔✔Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood Coagulation (fibrin clot)
Clot retraction
Fibrinolysis (clot dissolution)
✔✔Vascular spasm: - ✔✔injury to blood vessel causes vascular smooth muscle in
vessel wall to contract, reducing blood flow
✔✔Platelet plug formation: - ✔✔vWillebrand factor binds to platelet receptors, causing
adhesion of platelets to exposed collagen fibers
✔✔Blood Coagulation (fibrin clot): - ✔✔intrinsic/extrinsic lead to activation of X, the
conversion of prothrombin→ thrombin & conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin (clot)
o Extrinsic pathway ("outside blood")
o Intrinsic pathway ("within blood")
✔✔Clot retraction: - ✔✔fibrin strands pulled toward platelets, squeezing serum from clot
& causing it to shrink
✔✔Fibrinolysis (clot dissolution): - ✔✔activation of plasminogen (converts plasmin,
digesting the fibrin strands & dissolving clot)
✔✔At what point is primary hemostasis achieved? - ✔✔When the platelet plus is a
temporary repair during platelet adhesion & aggregation
✔✔What is the ultimate goal of the clotting cascade? - ✔✔Converting fibrinogen to fibrin
✔✔What is the greatest risk for patients diagnosed with thrombocytopenia? What
precautions will you take in caring for these patients? - ✔✔•Pooling of platelets in the
spleen, often leading to portal hypertension
•Increased bruising & prolonged bleeding following minor trauma
•Spontaneous mucosal, GI & intracranial bleeding may be seen with platelet counts
below 20,000 mm3
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔List the components of plasma: - ✔✔• 91% H2O
• 8% proteins
• 1% other solutes
✔✔Erythrocytes: - ✔✔carry oxygen from lungs to body and bring CO2 back to lungs to
be expelled
Normal blood level:
✔✔Leukocytes: - ✔✔protect body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders
Normal blood level:
✔✔Thrombocytes: - ✔✔stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries
Normal blood level:
✔✔What are the risks associated with polycythemia? - ✔✔Excess RBCs which lead to
increased blood viscosity and clinical manifestations include hypertension
✔✔Polycythemia vera: - ✔✔neoplastic transformation of bone marrow stem cells
(normal cells→ tumor cells)
✔✔Secondary polycythemia: - ✔✔due to chronic hypoxemia (increase RBC count)
✔✔Relative polycythemia: - ✔✔due to chronic dehydration (increase RBC count)
✔✔What is the clinical presentation of a patient diagnosed with anemia? - ✔✔•
Increased HR/CO
• Increased RR
• Increased work of breathing
• General: fatigue, weakness, H/A, dizziness, visual disturbances, irritability, confusion
• Respiratory: dyspnea on exertion
• Cardiac: angina, tachycardia, palpitations, LV hypertrophy (hardening and thickening
of heart wall), orthostatic hypotension
• Skin & mucous membranes: pallor &/or jaundice of skin; brittle, spoon-shaped nails;
angular cheilitis (chapped lips); brittle hair; smooth tongue
✔✔What is the most common type of anemia for all age groups? - ✔✔Iron deficiency
anemia
✔✔What is iron deficiency anemia caused by? - ✔✔• Dietary deficiency
• Loss of iron from blood loss
• Increased demand
, ✔✔List some clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia: - ✔✔o Decreased H&H
o Decreased RBCs
o Decreased MCV
o Decreased MCHC
o Microcytic & hypochromic RBCs
✔✔What patient teaching will you provide for a patient prescribed to take an iron
supplement? - ✔✔Increase fiber & fluids
✔✔List the five steps/ stages of hemostasis: - ✔✔Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood Coagulation (fibrin clot)
Clot retraction
Fibrinolysis (clot dissolution)
✔✔Vascular spasm: - ✔✔injury to blood vessel causes vascular smooth muscle in
vessel wall to contract, reducing blood flow
✔✔Platelet plug formation: - ✔✔vWillebrand factor binds to platelet receptors, causing
adhesion of platelets to exposed collagen fibers
✔✔Blood Coagulation (fibrin clot): - ✔✔intrinsic/extrinsic lead to activation of X, the
conversion of prothrombin→ thrombin & conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin (clot)
o Extrinsic pathway ("outside blood")
o Intrinsic pathway ("within blood")
✔✔Clot retraction: - ✔✔fibrin strands pulled toward platelets, squeezing serum from clot
& causing it to shrink
✔✔Fibrinolysis (clot dissolution): - ✔✔activation of plasminogen (converts plasmin,
digesting the fibrin strands & dissolving clot)
✔✔At what point is primary hemostasis achieved? - ✔✔When the platelet plus is a
temporary repair during platelet adhesion & aggregation
✔✔What is the ultimate goal of the clotting cascade? - ✔✔Converting fibrinogen to fibrin
✔✔What is the greatest risk for patients diagnosed with thrombocytopenia? What
precautions will you take in caring for these patients? - ✔✔•Pooling of platelets in the
spleen, often leading to portal hypertension
•Increased bruising & prolonged bleeding following minor trauma
•Spontaneous mucosal, GI & intracranial bleeding may be seen with platelet counts
below 20,000 mm3
