NURS 316 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time): - ✔✔measures the intrinsic pathway
(associated with heparin)
✔✔PT (Prothrombin Time): - ✔✔evaluates the extrinsic & final common pathways
✔✔INR (International Normalized Ratio): - ✔✔evaluates the extrinsic pathways
✔✔Essential HTN: (Primary) - ✔✔o Chronic elevation in BP with no identifiable etiology
o Accounts for 90-95% of HTN
o Genetic predisposition
o 70-80% of patients have family history
o Goal of treatment: BP< 140/90 & minimizing morbidity & mortality
✔✔Secondary HTN: - ✔✔o Identifiable etiology
o Many factors influencing CO, SVR and BP can be disrupted by disease processes
that impact:
• Volume status
• Adrenergic tone
• Peripheral vascular resistance
o Goal of treatment: treat underlying cause and minimizing morbidity & mortality
✔✔What is the effect (positive or negative) of digoxin (Lanoxin) on the heart? - ✔✔-
positive inotropic effect (force of contraction)
-negative dromotropic effect (AV node effected and electrical impulses)
-negative chronotropic effect (HR)
✔✔What assessments are you sure to take before administering digoxin to your
patient? - ✔✔• Apical pulse for a minute and if HR <60: don't give
• BP
• Monitor serum K+ (normal range 3.5-5.0 milliequivalents)
• Vital signs
✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of dig-toxicity? - ✔✔• Visual disturbances
• Fatigue
• N/V, anorexia
✔✔What is the drug of choice to treat an acute asthma attack? - ✔✔SABAs
✔✔Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is caused by a profound lack of insulin. What are the
clinical manifestations? - ✔✔• Hyperglycemia
• Increased proteolysis
, • Metabolic acidosis
• Glucose levels: 250-750 mg/dl
✔✔Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) is associated with a
profound degree of _______ deficiency. - ✔✔water
✔✔ Potency - ✔✔the AMOUNT of drug necessary to produce the desired effect
✔✔Efficacy - ✔✔the ABILITY of the drug to achieve the desired effect
✔✔What is the FDA? When was it empowered? What was it empowered to enforce?
What are the primary responsibilities of the FDA? - ✔✔
✔✔What are the four (4) processes involved with the movement of drugs inside the
body? - ✔✔1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
✔✔How does the route of administration effect the action of a drug in a patient? - ✔✔•
Drugs that are administered IM or SQ are absorbed by the small capillaries fairly rapidly
• Drugs that are administered oral take the longest to be absorbed
• Drugs that are administered IV do not need to be absorbed and are instantly absorbed
✔✔What does the amount of protein binding have to do with a drugs rate of
distribution? Rate of excretion? - ✔✔• The % of drug bound to albumin is determined by
strength of attraction between them
• Only un-bound (free) drugs can leave the vascular space and reach target tissues
• The portion of the drug that is protein bound is inactive
• Only free drugs are active drugs that can exert a pharmacological effect
✔✔Which type of drug is excreted by the kidney with greater ease? (fat-soluble or
water-soluble) - ✔✔• Lipid soluble drugs are converted by the liver to water soluble
forms for renal excretion
• In kidneys, drugs in a lipid-soluble state will be reabsorbed back into the blood
• ***So, water soluble drugs are excreted by the kidney with greater ease
✔✔What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Which drug will need to be dosed more frequently, one with a long half-life or one
with a short half-life? Why? - ✔✔One with a short life span, because those are the light
protein bound
✔✔What is the primary organ responsible for drug excretion? - ✔✔Kidney
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time): - ✔✔measures the intrinsic pathway
(associated with heparin)
✔✔PT (Prothrombin Time): - ✔✔evaluates the extrinsic & final common pathways
✔✔INR (International Normalized Ratio): - ✔✔evaluates the extrinsic pathways
✔✔Essential HTN: (Primary) - ✔✔o Chronic elevation in BP with no identifiable etiology
o Accounts for 90-95% of HTN
o Genetic predisposition
o 70-80% of patients have family history
o Goal of treatment: BP< 140/90 & minimizing morbidity & mortality
✔✔Secondary HTN: - ✔✔o Identifiable etiology
o Many factors influencing CO, SVR and BP can be disrupted by disease processes
that impact:
• Volume status
• Adrenergic tone
• Peripheral vascular resistance
o Goal of treatment: treat underlying cause and minimizing morbidity & mortality
✔✔What is the effect (positive or negative) of digoxin (Lanoxin) on the heart? - ✔✔-
positive inotropic effect (force of contraction)
-negative dromotropic effect (AV node effected and electrical impulses)
-negative chronotropic effect (HR)
✔✔What assessments are you sure to take before administering digoxin to your
patient? - ✔✔• Apical pulse for a minute and if HR <60: don't give
• BP
• Monitor serum K+ (normal range 3.5-5.0 milliequivalents)
• Vital signs
✔✔What are the signs and symptoms of dig-toxicity? - ✔✔• Visual disturbances
• Fatigue
• N/V, anorexia
✔✔What is the drug of choice to treat an acute asthma attack? - ✔✔SABAs
✔✔Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is caused by a profound lack of insulin. What are the
clinical manifestations? - ✔✔• Hyperglycemia
• Increased proteolysis
, • Metabolic acidosis
• Glucose levels: 250-750 mg/dl
✔✔Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) is associated with a
profound degree of _______ deficiency. - ✔✔water
✔✔ Potency - ✔✔the AMOUNT of drug necessary to produce the desired effect
✔✔Efficacy - ✔✔the ABILITY of the drug to achieve the desired effect
✔✔What is the FDA? When was it empowered? What was it empowered to enforce?
What are the primary responsibilities of the FDA? - ✔✔
✔✔What are the four (4) processes involved with the movement of drugs inside the
body? - ✔✔1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
✔✔How does the route of administration effect the action of a drug in a patient? - ✔✔•
Drugs that are administered IM or SQ are absorbed by the small capillaries fairly rapidly
• Drugs that are administered oral take the longest to be absorbed
• Drugs that are administered IV do not need to be absorbed and are instantly absorbed
✔✔What does the amount of protein binding have to do with a drugs rate of
distribution? Rate of excretion? - ✔✔• The % of drug bound to albumin is determined by
strength of attraction between them
• Only un-bound (free) drugs can leave the vascular space and reach target tissues
• The portion of the drug that is protein bound is inactive
• Only free drugs are active drugs that can exert a pharmacological effect
✔✔Which type of drug is excreted by the kidney with greater ease? (fat-soluble or
water-soluble) - ✔✔• Lipid soluble drugs are converted by the liver to water soluble
forms for renal excretion
• In kidneys, drugs in a lipid-soluble state will be reabsorbed back into the blood
• ***So, water soluble drugs are excreted by the kidney with greater ease
✔✔What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Which drug will need to be dosed more frequently, one with a long half-life or one
with a short half-life? Why? - ✔✔One with a short life span, because those are the light
protein bound
✔✔What is the primary organ responsible for drug excretion? - ✔✔Kidney
