PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTERS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Psychology - correct answerthe scientific study of mind and behavior.
Data - correct answerany information collected through formal observation or measurement.
Hindsight bias - correct answerthe tendency to think that we could have predicted something
that has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
Scientific method - correct answerthe set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists
use to conduct empirical research.
Levels of explanation - correct answerthe perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
Individual differences - correct answerthe variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
Structuralism - correct answeruses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements
or "structures" of psychological experience
Functionalism - correct answerattempts to understand why animals and humans have
developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
Psychodyamic - correct answerfocuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
Memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
Behaviorism - correct answerbased on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study
the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior
itself
,Cognitive - correct answerthe study of mental processes, including perception, thinking,
memory, and judgments
Social-cultural - correct answerthe study of how the social situations and the cultures in which
people find themselves influence thinking and behavior
Heritability - correct answerthe proportion of the observed differences on characteristics
among people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
Nature vs nurture - correct answerare genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
Free will vs determinism - correct answerthis question concerns the extent to which people
have control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces
out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
Accuracy vs inaccuracy - correct answerto what extent are humans good information
processors?
Conscious vs unconscious - correct answerto what extent are we conscious of our own actions
and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are
not aware of?
Differences vs similarities - correct answerto what extent are we all similar, and to what extent
are we different?
Plato and aristotle - correct answerearliest psychologists that we know about. One believed
that knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate.
,Introspection - correct answera method of learning about psychological processes in which
research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on
mental tasks.
Evolutionary psychology - correct answera branch of psychology that applies the darwinian
theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.
Fitness - correct answerthe extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an
individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the
species who do not have the characteristic.
Psychodynamic psychology - correct answeran approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Social norms - correct answerthe ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
Culture - correct answera common set of social norms, including religious and family values and
other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
Biopsychology and neuroscience - correct answerthis field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the
effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
Clinical and counseling psychology - correct answerthese are the largest fields of psychology.
The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
Developmental psychology - correct answerthese psychologists conduct research on the
cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
, Forensic psychology - correct answerapply psychological principles to understand the behavior
of judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
Health psychology - correct answerconcerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and
the social situation influence health and illness.
Industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - correct answerapplies psychology to
the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.
Personality psychology - correct answerthese psychologists study people and the differences
among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of
individuals, and to focus on individual differences.
School and educational psychology - correct answerthis field studies how people
Learn in school, the effectiveness
Of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.
Social and cross-cultural psychology - correct answerthis field examines people's interactions
with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes,
and person perception
Sports psychology - correct answerthis field studies the psychological aspects of sports
behavior. The goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in
sports, including the role of exercise and team interactions.
Basic research - correct answerresearch that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
Applied research - correct answerresearch that investigates issues that have implications for
everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
Psychology - correct answerthe scientific study of mind and behavior.
Data - correct answerany information collected through formal observation or measurement.
Hindsight bias - correct answerthe tendency to think that we could have predicted something
that has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
Scientific method - correct answerthe set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists
use to conduct empirical research.
Levels of explanation - correct answerthe perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
Individual differences - correct answerthe variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
Structuralism - correct answeruses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements
or "structures" of psychological experience
Functionalism - correct answerattempts to understand why animals and humans have
developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
Psychodyamic - correct answerfocuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
Memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
Behaviorism - correct answerbased on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study
the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior
itself
,Cognitive - correct answerthe study of mental processes, including perception, thinking,
memory, and judgments
Social-cultural - correct answerthe study of how the social situations and the cultures in which
people find themselves influence thinking and behavior
Heritability - correct answerthe proportion of the observed differences on characteristics
among people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
Nature vs nurture - correct answerare genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
Free will vs determinism - correct answerthis question concerns the extent to which people
have control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces
out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
Accuracy vs inaccuracy - correct answerto what extent are humans good information
processors?
Conscious vs unconscious - correct answerto what extent are we conscious of our own actions
and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are
not aware of?
Differences vs similarities - correct answerto what extent are we all similar, and to what extent
are we different?
Plato and aristotle - correct answerearliest psychologists that we know about. One believed
that knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate.
,Introspection - correct answera method of learning about psychological processes in which
research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on
mental tasks.
Evolutionary psychology - correct answera branch of psychology that applies the darwinian
theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.
Fitness - correct answerthe extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an
individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the
species who do not have the characteristic.
Psychodynamic psychology - correct answeran approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Social norms - correct answerthe ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
Culture - correct answera common set of social norms, including religious and family values and
other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
Biopsychology and neuroscience - correct answerthis field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the
effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
Clinical and counseling psychology - correct answerthese are the largest fields of psychology.
The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
Developmental psychology - correct answerthese psychologists conduct research on the
cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
, Forensic psychology - correct answerapply psychological principles to understand the behavior
of judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
Health psychology - correct answerconcerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and
the social situation influence health and illness.
Industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - correct answerapplies psychology to
the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.
Personality psychology - correct answerthese psychologists study people and the differences
among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of
individuals, and to focus on individual differences.
School and educational psychology - correct answerthis field studies how people
Learn in school, the effectiveness
Of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.
Social and cross-cultural psychology - correct answerthis field examines people's interactions
with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes,
and person perception
Sports psychology - correct answerthis field studies the psychological aspects of sports
behavior. The goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in
sports, including the role of exercise and team interactions.
Basic research - correct answerresearch that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
Applied research - correct answerresearch that investigates issues that have implications for
everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
