MED-SURG II Exam 1 – Diabetes & Endocrine
Disorders | Nursing Program | Complete and
Detailed Questions and Answers Study Guide
Introduction:
This document provides a comprehensive Med-Surg II Exam 1
study guide focused on diabetes mellitus and endocrine
disorders, presented in a detailed question-and-answer format.
It covers core topics such as Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, DKA,
HHS, hypoglycemia, insulin therapy, adrenal disorders
(Addison’s and Cushing’s), thyroid disorders, SIADH, diabetes
insipidus, and nursing assessments, diagnostics, and
management. The material is thorough and well-suited for
nursing exam preparation and clinical understanding.
Exam Questions and Detailed Answers:
Glycosuria -Answer:-Associated with an increase in urine
volume cause by n osmotic (glucose) in the renal tubules
What is the primary clinical manifestation of osmotic diuresis?
-Answer:-Polyuria
Nocturia is associated with? -Answer:-Polyuria
,What is osmotic diuresis associated with? -Answer:-
dehydration and volume depletion
What can result form dehydration and volume depletion in
DKA and HHS? -Answer:-Hypotension
Tachycardia
Polydipsia
Weight Loss
Why does polyphagia result from DKA and HHS? -Answer:-
Significant loss of calories in the urine
What does fatigue relate to in DKA and HHS? -Answer:-
alterations in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism,
especially protein catabolism
Diagnostic Criteria for DM -Answer:-o A random plasma
glucose (PG) concentration of ≥200 mg/dL, with symptoms of
hyperglycemia, for example, polydipsia (excessive thirst),
polyuria (excessive urination)
,o A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration of ≥126 mg/dL
on more than one occasion with or without symptoms of
hyperglycemia
o An elevated PG concentration of ≥200 mg/dL at 2 hours
following consumption of 75 grams of glucose during an oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
NOTE: In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, these
criteria should be confirmed by repeat testing on a different
day.
What is the overall goal of DM management? -Answer:-
prevention of chronic long-term complications with distinction
between short-term and long-term goals
Short-term goals include prevention of: -Answer:-Severe
hypolycemia
Hyperglycemia
Acute complications like DKA and HHS
Long-term glycemic goals include -Answer:-Normalizing blood
glucose levels
Preventing systemic complications
, Nursing assessment of DM: Subjective -Answer:-Shakiness
Excessive Thirst
Excessive urination during the night
Nursing assessment of DM: Objective -Answer:-• Elevated
blood pressure
• Polyuria
• Polyphagia
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Diaphoresis
• Tremors
• Palpitations
• Mood changes, irritability
• Unresponsiveness
• Unconsciousness
• Convulsions
• Coma
Nursing Assessment for Fluid Volume Alterations: Objective -
Answer:-Hypotension
Disorders | Nursing Program | Complete and
Detailed Questions and Answers Study Guide
Introduction:
This document provides a comprehensive Med-Surg II Exam 1
study guide focused on diabetes mellitus and endocrine
disorders, presented in a detailed question-and-answer format.
It covers core topics such as Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, DKA,
HHS, hypoglycemia, insulin therapy, adrenal disorders
(Addison’s and Cushing’s), thyroid disorders, SIADH, diabetes
insipidus, and nursing assessments, diagnostics, and
management. The material is thorough and well-suited for
nursing exam preparation and clinical understanding.
Exam Questions and Detailed Answers:
Glycosuria -Answer:-Associated with an increase in urine
volume cause by n osmotic (glucose) in the renal tubules
What is the primary clinical manifestation of osmotic diuresis?
-Answer:-Polyuria
Nocturia is associated with? -Answer:-Polyuria
,What is osmotic diuresis associated with? -Answer:-
dehydration and volume depletion
What can result form dehydration and volume depletion in
DKA and HHS? -Answer:-Hypotension
Tachycardia
Polydipsia
Weight Loss
Why does polyphagia result from DKA and HHS? -Answer:-
Significant loss of calories in the urine
What does fatigue relate to in DKA and HHS? -Answer:-
alterations in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism,
especially protein catabolism
Diagnostic Criteria for DM -Answer:-o A random plasma
glucose (PG) concentration of ≥200 mg/dL, with symptoms of
hyperglycemia, for example, polydipsia (excessive thirst),
polyuria (excessive urination)
,o A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration of ≥126 mg/dL
on more than one occasion with or without symptoms of
hyperglycemia
o An elevated PG concentration of ≥200 mg/dL at 2 hours
following consumption of 75 grams of glucose during an oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
NOTE: In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, these
criteria should be confirmed by repeat testing on a different
day.
What is the overall goal of DM management? -Answer:-
prevention of chronic long-term complications with distinction
between short-term and long-term goals
Short-term goals include prevention of: -Answer:-Severe
hypolycemia
Hyperglycemia
Acute complications like DKA and HHS
Long-term glycemic goals include -Answer:-Normalizing blood
glucose levels
Preventing systemic complications
, Nursing assessment of DM: Subjective -Answer:-Shakiness
Excessive Thirst
Excessive urination during the night
Nursing assessment of DM: Objective -Answer:-• Elevated
blood pressure
• Polyuria
• Polyphagia
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Diaphoresis
• Tremors
• Palpitations
• Mood changes, irritability
• Unresponsiveness
• Unconsciousness
• Convulsions
• Coma
Nursing Assessment for Fluid Volume Alterations: Objective -
Answer:-Hypotension
