NUFT 341 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔- Most likely type 1
Signs/symptoms:
- Hyperglycemia (> 250)
- Ketosis (burning fat instead of glucose)
- Acidosis (pH < 7.3)
- Dehydration
- Abdominal pain, anorexia
- Deep, labored breathing
- **Sweet, fruity breath** (ketones)
- Tachycardia
- Fever, flushed skin
Manifestations w/o treatment:
- Severe loss of electrolytes
- Acidosis > Vomiting
- Hypovolemia > shock and renal failure
- Coma > death
Nursing action:
- Ensure patent airway
- Establish IV access, begin fluid until normal BP and urine output
- Monitor for fluid overload
- IV short-acting insulin
- BG < 250, switch to IVF w/ dextrose
✔✔Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS) - ✔✔- Life threatening
- Type 2
- Able to make enough insulin to prevent DKA, but still have severe hyperglycemia,
osmotic diuresis, and ECF depletion
- Impaired thirst and/or inability to replace fluids
- Fewer early symptoms lead to high BG (> 600)
- Ketones absent or minimal in blood and urine
Signs/symptoms:
- Dehydration
- Lethargy and weakness
- Tachycardia
- Fever, flushed skin
, - Confusion
- Abdominal pain, anorexia
- Same nursing action as DKA
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Hunger
- Sweating
- Insomnia at night/Sleepiness in day
- Shakiness
- Headache
- Confusion
✔✔Hypoglycemia actions - ✔✔If alert:
- Eat or drink 15 g rapid carbs
- After 15 minutes, check glucose
- If < 70 mg/dL, eat or drink another 15 g
- If stable and meal more than 1 hr away, give carb and protein (sandwich)
- If low BG after 2-3 reads, call provider
If not alert:
- Push IV dextrose (can swallow)
- Glucagon (if can't swallow)
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Extreme thirst (polydipsia)
- Sleepiness
- Dry skin
- Hunger (polyphagia)
- Slow-healing wounds
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Blurry vision
✔✔Thyroid - ✔✔
✔✔Hyperthyroidism - ✔✔- Increased metabolism
- Increased tissue sensitivity
- Low TSH levels
- High T3 and T4 levels
Manifestations:
- Lid lag
- Exophthalmos (eyes pushed outward)
- Heat intolerance
- Rapid speech
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔- Most likely type 1
Signs/symptoms:
- Hyperglycemia (> 250)
- Ketosis (burning fat instead of glucose)
- Acidosis (pH < 7.3)
- Dehydration
- Abdominal pain, anorexia
- Deep, labored breathing
- **Sweet, fruity breath** (ketones)
- Tachycardia
- Fever, flushed skin
Manifestations w/o treatment:
- Severe loss of electrolytes
- Acidosis > Vomiting
- Hypovolemia > shock and renal failure
- Coma > death
Nursing action:
- Ensure patent airway
- Establish IV access, begin fluid until normal BP and urine output
- Monitor for fluid overload
- IV short-acting insulin
- BG < 250, switch to IVF w/ dextrose
✔✔Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS) - ✔✔- Life threatening
- Type 2
- Able to make enough insulin to prevent DKA, but still have severe hyperglycemia,
osmotic diuresis, and ECF depletion
- Impaired thirst and/or inability to replace fluids
- Fewer early symptoms lead to high BG (> 600)
- Ketones absent or minimal in blood and urine
Signs/symptoms:
- Dehydration
- Lethargy and weakness
- Tachycardia
- Fever, flushed skin
, - Confusion
- Abdominal pain, anorexia
- Same nursing action as DKA
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Hunger
- Sweating
- Insomnia at night/Sleepiness in day
- Shakiness
- Headache
- Confusion
✔✔Hypoglycemia actions - ✔✔If alert:
- Eat or drink 15 g rapid carbs
- After 15 minutes, check glucose
- If < 70 mg/dL, eat or drink another 15 g
- If stable and meal more than 1 hr away, give carb and protein (sandwich)
- If low BG after 2-3 reads, call provider
If not alert:
- Push IV dextrose (can swallow)
- Glucagon (if can't swallow)
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Extreme thirst (polydipsia)
- Sleepiness
- Dry skin
- Hunger (polyphagia)
- Slow-healing wounds
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Blurry vision
✔✔Thyroid - ✔✔
✔✔Hyperthyroidism - ✔✔- Increased metabolism
- Increased tissue sensitivity
- Low TSH levels
- High T3 and T4 levels
Manifestations:
- Lid lag
- Exophthalmos (eyes pushed outward)
- Heat intolerance
- Rapid speech
