BSNC 2000 CORE EXAM TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔urinalysis in DM - ✔✔assessing for ketones in the urine (make sure pt is not
experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis)
*esp T1DM
ketones = severe hyperglycemia
assess for red blood cells (hematuria) - glomerular disease?
assess for proteins (albuminuria) diabetic nephropathy?
assess for UTI
✔✔lipid profile DM - ✔✔DM = higher risk for hyperlipidemia
tests for total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, HDL and LDL
*important to monitor so cardiovascular complications do not occur
✔✔DM foot care - ✔✔full foot exam annually
podiatrist trim toenails
do not walk around barefoot
test water temp before stepping in bath
wash and check feet daily
socks and shoes should fit well
✔✔how many British Columbians live with chronic pain every day? - ✔✔1 in 5
✔✔what amount of urine signals desire to urinate? - ✔✔150-250mL
✔✔which electrolyte(s) are most present in ECF? - ✔✔sodium and chloride (some
bicarbonate)
✔✔which electrolyte(s) are more present in ICF? - ✔✔potassium (some magnesium)
✔✔which fluid compartment is measured clinically for electrolyte levels? -
✔✔Extracellular Fluid Compartment (serum)
✔✔which substances can easily pass the cell membrane between the ICF and ECF? -
✔✔- liquid-soluble substances
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
, - water passes through via aquaporins (osmosis)
✔✔cation - ✔✔A positively charged ion
✔✔anion - ✔✔A negatively charged ion
✔✔True or False: Fluids contain the same amount of anions and cations - ✔✔True
✔✔what is the serum osmolality largely determined by? - ✔✔Sodium
✔✔what does the fluid in the interstitial compartment act as? - ✔✔transport of gases,
nutrients and wastes between vascular compartment and body cells)
reservoir of fluid that helps to maintain plasma volume
✔✔what is the fluid of the transcellular compartment? - ✔✔ECF: cerebrospinal fluid and
fluid contained in the various body spaces (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial cavities)
about 1% of body weight
can inc -> "third space"
✔✔which processes effect fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔intake and absorption
distribution
output
✔✔what aspects constitute fluid balance? - ✔✔extracellular fluid volume
osmolality
✔✔categories of fluid and electrolyte imbalances - ✔✔ECF volume imbalance
osmolality imbalance
electrolyte imbalance
✔✔what is clinical dehydration? - ✔✔ECV deficit and hypernatremia combined
✔✔causes of fluid and electrolyte imbalances - ✔✔fluid and electrolyte output > intake
and absorption
fluid and electrolyte output < intake and absorption
altered fluid and electrolyte distribution
✔✔what categories can disorders of water and sodium balance be divided into? - ✔✔1)
isotonic contraction or expansion of the ECF fluid volume (proportion changes in sodium
and water)
2) hypotonic dilution or hypertonic concentration of the ECF sodium concentration
brought by disproportionate changes in sodium and water
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔urinalysis in DM - ✔✔assessing for ketones in the urine (make sure pt is not
experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis)
*esp T1DM
ketones = severe hyperglycemia
assess for red blood cells (hematuria) - glomerular disease?
assess for proteins (albuminuria) diabetic nephropathy?
assess for UTI
✔✔lipid profile DM - ✔✔DM = higher risk for hyperlipidemia
tests for total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, HDL and LDL
*important to monitor so cardiovascular complications do not occur
✔✔DM foot care - ✔✔full foot exam annually
podiatrist trim toenails
do not walk around barefoot
test water temp before stepping in bath
wash and check feet daily
socks and shoes should fit well
✔✔how many British Columbians live with chronic pain every day? - ✔✔1 in 5
✔✔what amount of urine signals desire to urinate? - ✔✔150-250mL
✔✔which electrolyte(s) are most present in ECF? - ✔✔sodium and chloride (some
bicarbonate)
✔✔which electrolyte(s) are more present in ICF? - ✔✔potassium (some magnesium)
✔✔which fluid compartment is measured clinically for electrolyte levels? -
✔✔Extracellular Fluid Compartment (serum)
✔✔which substances can easily pass the cell membrane between the ICF and ECF? -
✔✔- liquid-soluble substances
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
, - water passes through via aquaporins (osmosis)
✔✔cation - ✔✔A positively charged ion
✔✔anion - ✔✔A negatively charged ion
✔✔True or False: Fluids contain the same amount of anions and cations - ✔✔True
✔✔what is the serum osmolality largely determined by? - ✔✔Sodium
✔✔what does the fluid in the interstitial compartment act as? - ✔✔transport of gases,
nutrients and wastes between vascular compartment and body cells)
reservoir of fluid that helps to maintain plasma volume
✔✔what is the fluid of the transcellular compartment? - ✔✔ECF: cerebrospinal fluid and
fluid contained in the various body spaces (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial cavities)
about 1% of body weight
can inc -> "third space"
✔✔which processes effect fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔intake and absorption
distribution
output
✔✔what aspects constitute fluid balance? - ✔✔extracellular fluid volume
osmolality
✔✔categories of fluid and electrolyte imbalances - ✔✔ECF volume imbalance
osmolality imbalance
electrolyte imbalance
✔✔what is clinical dehydration? - ✔✔ECV deficit and hypernatremia combined
✔✔causes of fluid and electrolyte imbalances - ✔✔fluid and electrolyte output > intake
and absorption
fluid and electrolyte output < intake and absorption
altered fluid and electrolyte distribution
✔✔what categories can disorders of water and sodium balance be divided into? - ✔✔1)
isotonic contraction or expansion of the ECF fluid volume (proportion changes in sodium
and water)
2) hypotonic dilution or hypertonic concentration of the ECF sodium concentration
brought by disproportionate changes in sodium and water
