Lilly Ghozlan
SPORT & PERFORMANCE
PSYCHOLOGY
Inhoud
Lesson 1: introduction + personality and performance..................................................................3
1. Practical information............................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction in sport & performance psychology....................................................................3
3. Understanding your athletes: personality and sport...............................................................6
Lesson 2: motivation...................................................................................................................... 8
1. Definition................................................................................................................................ 8
2. Views of motivation................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 What motivates athletes?.................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Achievement motivation & competitiveness......................................................................8
3. Theories on achievement motivation......................................................................................8
3.1 Attribution theory.............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Need achievement theory................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Achievement goal theory.................................................................................................10
3.4 Competence motivation theory.......................................................................................11
3.5 Self determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)...............................................................11
3.6 Development of achievement motivation........................................................................11
4. Implications for practice....................................................................................................... 12
5. Flow...................................................................................................................................... 13
Lesson 3: arousal, anxiety and stress.......................................................................................... 14
1. What is arousal, anxiety and stress?.....................................................................................14
2. The influence of arousal on performance..............................................................................15
2.1 Theories........................................................................................................................... 15
3. Measuring arousal and anxiety............................................................................................. 17
4. Implications for practice....................................................................................................... 18
Lesson 4: introduction to mental training....................................................................................18
1. What is psychological skill training.......................................................................................18
2. Why is mental training often neglected?...............................................................................19
3. Mental training: who, how and when....................................................................................20
4. Mental training program development..................................................................................20
4.1 The process of mental training........................................................................................ 20
4.2 Assessing performers’ mental skills.................................................................................20
5. Phases in mental training..................................................................................................... 21
Lesson 5: arousal regulation........................................................................................................ 23
1. Self-awareness of arousal..................................................................................................... 23
2. Arousal-inducing techniques................................................................................................. 24
,Lilly Ghozlan
3. Arousal reducing techniques.................................................................................................25
4. Matching technique to problem............................................................................................ 28
5. Anecdotal tips....................................................................................................................... 29
Lesson 6: concentration & self-talk.............................................................................................. 30
1. Defining concentration.......................................................................................................... 30
2. Types of attentional focus & attentional styles.....................................................................30
3. Concentration and performance........................................................................................... 30
4. Attentional problems............................................................................................................ 31
5. Improving concentration....................................................................................................... 32
6. Enhancing concentration: self-talk........................................................................................32
Lesson 7: goal-setting.................................................................................................................. 34
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 34
2. Effects of goal-setting on performance.................................................................................34
3. Types of goals....................................................................................................................... 34
4. Principles of goal-setting....................................................................................................... 35
5. Pitfalls in goal-setting........................................................................................................... 36
Lesson 8: guest lecture: making music is top sport.....................................................................38
Lesson 9: self-confidence............................................................................................................. 41
1. What is self-confidence?....................................................................................................... 41
2. Different forms of self-confidence.........................................................................................41
3. Benefits of optimal self-confidence.......................................................................................43
4. Influence of self-confidence and performance......................................................................43
5. Improving self-confidence..................................................................................................... 44
Lesson 10: visualisation............................................................................................................... 45
1. What is visualisation............................................................................................................. 45
2. Where, when, why and what do athletes visualise................................................................46
3. Theories of imagery.............................................................................................................. 47
4. Benefits of imagery............................................................................................................... 48
5. Effectiveness of imagery....................................................................................................... 49
Lesson 11: team dynamics & team cohesion...............................................................................50
1. Team dynamics..................................................................................................................... 50
1.1 Group vs team................................................................................................................. 50
1.2 Characteristics of a team................................................................................................. 50
1.3 Group productivity........................................................................................................... 50
1.4 Group development......................................................................................................... 52
2. Team cohesion...................................................................................................................... 54
Information about the exam........................................................................................................ 56
,Lilly Ghozlan
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION + PERSONALITY AND PERFORMANCE
1. PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Wanneer er ‘optional’ staat: niet studeren. Research informatie niet vanbuiten leren, kunnen
toepassen
Exam: reproduction, apply the theory (“an athlete comes to you with this question, what do you
do?”), inside questions meaning you can make links between different topics
Theoretische vragen, toepassingsvragen en inzichtsvragen
It’s not enough to learn only the PPT! It’s just a guideline, the texts add more information.
Questions on the exam are in English, but we can choose to answer in Dutch and/or English.
2. INTRODUCTION IN SPORT & PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY
Sports psychology is about how to improve your performance, which is also about losing and
negative performance.
Performances are also about; the medical world, the military world, in your job career, actors …
And about us while studying, in our sport, in group assignments …
Stellingen:
“Sport and exercise psychology is a relatively new field; it’s roots are in the late 1970’s.”
o Waar en niet waar, afhankelijk van het domein
“Regardless of the form of motivation, the more motivated an athlete is the better.”
o Kan soms te veel zijn en meer kwaad dan goed aanbrengen pressure
“Success always builds confidence.”
o Hangt er ook van af, zorgt succes voor zelfvertrouwen OF zorgt zelfvertrouwen
voor succes..?
“Relaxation is not the primary tool or technique used by today’s sport psychology
specialist.”
o Relaxatie past niet bij elke sport of probleem, je moet eerst ondervinden met welk
probleem je te maken hebt
WHAT IS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY?
= scientific study of people and their behaviours in sport context and the practical
application of that knowledge
2 objectives
1. Understand how psychological factors affect one’s performance
2. Understand how participating in sport affects one’s psychological development,
and well-being
(bv: zijn mensen in teamsports socialer dan mensen in individuele sporten?)
SO: understanding the mutual influence of participation in a performance environment and
psychological factors
To explain it in a domain itself: getting an insight in
situation, thoughts, feelings, behaviour and how they are
related
(bv je moet een penalty schieten en hebt veel stress, je weet
niet wat te doen en hoe je met die stress omgaat we zoeken naar een inzicht in hoe die
, Lilly Ghozlan
persoon denkt (“ohnee weer die penalty, komt niet goed), hoe die persoon zich voelt (“veel
druk en spanning”) en hoe die persoon zich daardoor gedraagt)
HISTORY OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Can sport psychology be seen as a separate discipline?
YES, because:
Growth and psychological enhancement as goal
Mind-body connection
Interdisciplinary collaboration
NO, because:
Searching for own identity
Struggling to gain acceptance in target markets
o Veel twijfels, is dit wel iets goed?
No unique theories
o Veel theorieën komen van andere domeinen
PERIOD 1: EARLY YEARS (1895-1920)
Started in the North of America
Norman Triplett: cyclist experiment
Observed some things and did low-level experiments
He asked people to ride in three conditions
o Co1: ride a certain distance better than someone else
o Co2: do it again, beat someone else’s previous time but
this time someone is doing the same thing
o Co3: do it again, beat someone else’s previous time but
this time someone is doing the same thing AND you
have to beat their time as well
RESULTS: they rode faster the moment someone else came in to join the competition
mental components seem to play a role here
Motor learning: developing new motoric skills (leren fietsen)
De prestatie wordt beter als er andere mensen aanwezig zijn waartegen je ‘strijdt’.
PERIOD 2: THE GRIFFITH ERA (1921-1938)
Not only North America, there was a development of sport psychology laboratories in
Germany, Japan, Russia and in the USA as well.
Increased psychological testing: concentration, personality, reaction
times, aggression
Father of American sport psychology: Coleman Griffith
o Research, articles, books, consulting
Start of the more applying part, still on a low-level
PERIOD 3: PREPARATION OF THE FUTURE (1939-1965)
Academic discipline of exercise and sport science
Franklin Henry:
o Scientific research on psychological aspects
SPORT & PERFORMANCE
PSYCHOLOGY
Inhoud
Lesson 1: introduction + personality and performance..................................................................3
1. Practical information............................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction in sport & performance psychology....................................................................3
3. Understanding your athletes: personality and sport...............................................................6
Lesson 2: motivation...................................................................................................................... 8
1. Definition................................................................................................................................ 8
2. Views of motivation................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 What motivates athletes?.................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Achievement motivation & competitiveness......................................................................8
3. Theories on achievement motivation......................................................................................8
3.1 Attribution theory.............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Need achievement theory................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Achievement goal theory.................................................................................................10
3.4 Competence motivation theory.......................................................................................11
3.5 Self determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)...............................................................11
3.6 Development of achievement motivation........................................................................11
4. Implications for practice....................................................................................................... 12
5. Flow...................................................................................................................................... 13
Lesson 3: arousal, anxiety and stress.......................................................................................... 14
1. What is arousal, anxiety and stress?.....................................................................................14
2. The influence of arousal on performance..............................................................................15
2.1 Theories........................................................................................................................... 15
3. Measuring arousal and anxiety............................................................................................. 17
4. Implications for practice....................................................................................................... 18
Lesson 4: introduction to mental training....................................................................................18
1. What is psychological skill training.......................................................................................18
2. Why is mental training often neglected?...............................................................................19
3. Mental training: who, how and when....................................................................................20
4. Mental training program development..................................................................................20
4.1 The process of mental training........................................................................................ 20
4.2 Assessing performers’ mental skills.................................................................................20
5. Phases in mental training..................................................................................................... 21
Lesson 5: arousal regulation........................................................................................................ 23
1. Self-awareness of arousal..................................................................................................... 23
2. Arousal-inducing techniques................................................................................................. 24
,Lilly Ghozlan
3. Arousal reducing techniques.................................................................................................25
4. Matching technique to problem............................................................................................ 28
5. Anecdotal tips....................................................................................................................... 29
Lesson 6: concentration & self-talk.............................................................................................. 30
1. Defining concentration.......................................................................................................... 30
2. Types of attentional focus & attentional styles.....................................................................30
3. Concentration and performance........................................................................................... 30
4. Attentional problems............................................................................................................ 31
5. Improving concentration....................................................................................................... 32
6. Enhancing concentration: self-talk........................................................................................32
Lesson 7: goal-setting.................................................................................................................. 34
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 34
2. Effects of goal-setting on performance.................................................................................34
3. Types of goals....................................................................................................................... 34
4. Principles of goal-setting....................................................................................................... 35
5. Pitfalls in goal-setting........................................................................................................... 36
Lesson 8: guest lecture: making music is top sport.....................................................................38
Lesson 9: self-confidence............................................................................................................. 41
1. What is self-confidence?....................................................................................................... 41
2. Different forms of self-confidence.........................................................................................41
3. Benefits of optimal self-confidence.......................................................................................43
4. Influence of self-confidence and performance......................................................................43
5. Improving self-confidence..................................................................................................... 44
Lesson 10: visualisation............................................................................................................... 45
1. What is visualisation............................................................................................................. 45
2. Where, when, why and what do athletes visualise................................................................46
3. Theories of imagery.............................................................................................................. 47
4. Benefits of imagery............................................................................................................... 48
5. Effectiveness of imagery....................................................................................................... 49
Lesson 11: team dynamics & team cohesion...............................................................................50
1. Team dynamics..................................................................................................................... 50
1.1 Group vs team................................................................................................................. 50
1.2 Characteristics of a team................................................................................................. 50
1.3 Group productivity........................................................................................................... 50
1.4 Group development......................................................................................................... 52
2. Team cohesion...................................................................................................................... 54
Information about the exam........................................................................................................ 56
,Lilly Ghozlan
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION + PERSONALITY AND PERFORMANCE
1. PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Wanneer er ‘optional’ staat: niet studeren. Research informatie niet vanbuiten leren, kunnen
toepassen
Exam: reproduction, apply the theory (“an athlete comes to you with this question, what do you
do?”), inside questions meaning you can make links between different topics
Theoretische vragen, toepassingsvragen en inzichtsvragen
It’s not enough to learn only the PPT! It’s just a guideline, the texts add more information.
Questions on the exam are in English, but we can choose to answer in Dutch and/or English.
2. INTRODUCTION IN SPORT & PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY
Sports psychology is about how to improve your performance, which is also about losing and
negative performance.
Performances are also about; the medical world, the military world, in your job career, actors …
And about us while studying, in our sport, in group assignments …
Stellingen:
“Sport and exercise psychology is a relatively new field; it’s roots are in the late 1970’s.”
o Waar en niet waar, afhankelijk van het domein
“Regardless of the form of motivation, the more motivated an athlete is the better.”
o Kan soms te veel zijn en meer kwaad dan goed aanbrengen pressure
“Success always builds confidence.”
o Hangt er ook van af, zorgt succes voor zelfvertrouwen OF zorgt zelfvertrouwen
voor succes..?
“Relaxation is not the primary tool or technique used by today’s sport psychology
specialist.”
o Relaxatie past niet bij elke sport of probleem, je moet eerst ondervinden met welk
probleem je te maken hebt
WHAT IS SPORT PSYCHOLOGY?
= scientific study of people and their behaviours in sport context and the practical
application of that knowledge
2 objectives
1. Understand how psychological factors affect one’s performance
2. Understand how participating in sport affects one’s psychological development,
and well-being
(bv: zijn mensen in teamsports socialer dan mensen in individuele sporten?)
SO: understanding the mutual influence of participation in a performance environment and
psychological factors
To explain it in a domain itself: getting an insight in
situation, thoughts, feelings, behaviour and how they are
related
(bv je moet een penalty schieten en hebt veel stress, je weet
niet wat te doen en hoe je met die stress omgaat we zoeken naar een inzicht in hoe die
, Lilly Ghozlan
persoon denkt (“ohnee weer die penalty, komt niet goed), hoe die persoon zich voelt (“veel
druk en spanning”) en hoe die persoon zich daardoor gedraagt)
HISTORY OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Can sport psychology be seen as a separate discipline?
YES, because:
Growth and psychological enhancement as goal
Mind-body connection
Interdisciplinary collaboration
NO, because:
Searching for own identity
Struggling to gain acceptance in target markets
o Veel twijfels, is dit wel iets goed?
No unique theories
o Veel theorieën komen van andere domeinen
PERIOD 1: EARLY YEARS (1895-1920)
Started in the North of America
Norman Triplett: cyclist experiment
Observed some things and did low-level experiments
He asked people to ride in three conditions
o Co1: ride a certain distance better than someone else
o Co2: do it again, beat someone else’s previous time but
this time someone is doing the same thing
o Co3: do it again, beat someone else’s previous time but
this time someone is doing the same thing AND you
have to beat their time as well
RESULTS: they rode faster the moment someone else came in to join the competition
mental components seem to play a role here
Motor learning: developing new motoric skills (leren fietsen)
De prestatie wordt beter als er andere mensen aanwezig zijn waartegen je ‘strijdt’.
PERIOD 2: THE GRIFFITH ERA (1921-1938)
Not only North America, there was a development of sport psychology laboratories in
Germany, Japan, Russia and in the USA as well.
Increased psychological testing: concentration, personality, reaction
times, aggression
Father of American sport psychology: Coleman Griffith
o Research, articles, books, consulting
Start of the more applying part, still on a low-level
PERIOD 3: PREPARATION OF THE FUTURE (1939-1965)
Academic discipline of exercise and sport science
Franklin Henry:
o Scientific research on psychological aspects
