NSG 532 Exam 2|Brand New Exam
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What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -
Answer✅✅Primary Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - Answer✅✅Control functions of
other systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
How is the endocrine system controlled? - Answer✅✅By nerve impulses,
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - Answer✅✅1. Starts
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
,What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - Answer✅✅Homeostatic changes in
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? -
Answer✅✅Endocrine --closed--release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities; have a duct
What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - Answer✅✅Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? -
Answer✅✅Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal
hormones
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory endocrinocytes? -
Answer✅✅Cells which produce hormones, but are not directly part of the
endocrine system. They are located in other organs/parts of the body system.
1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
,3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-dependent
Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
What is an example of a mixed gland? - Answer✅✅Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Describe neuroendocrine cells - Answer✅✅Relay information between the
endocrine system and the nervous system
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland
Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
What are the three classes of hormones? Their characteristics? -
Answer✅✅Peptide/Protein Hormones: hydrophilic (lipophobic)
Amine Hormones: Hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophobic or lipophilic)
Steroid Hormones: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅A
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to
become a Pro-Hormone
The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become
an Active Hormone
Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell
membrane
They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅Polar,
hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE
, 1. are synthesized as prohormones in the RER and requiring further cleavage to
activate
2. Are stored in secretory vesicles
3. Are polar, hydrophilic and lipid- insoluble
4. Are soluble in plasma and can be transported freely in blood
5. Have G protein-coupled receptors and second messenger transduction systems
6. Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and regulation
Give examples of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅-Hypothalamic:
Hormones
-Pituitary: Hormones
-Thyroid Calcitonin
-PTH
-Thymic: Hormones
-Pancreatic: Hormones
-Most hormones produced by endocrine cells in kidneys, stomach, SI, heart, liver,
bone marrow
MOST hormones are peptide/protein hormones
Describe the biosynthesis of steroid hormones - Answer✅✅Cholesterol enters the
SMOOTH Endoplasmic Recticulum
Forms the backbone of the hormone, transferred to Golgi for processing
Steroid hormone from Golgi body is packaged into secretory vesicles and exocytosed
into blood plasma
In plasma, must have a bonding protein for transport since it is lipophillic
Describe characteristics of steroid hormones - Answer✅✅1. Synthesized from
cholesterol
2. Non-Polar, lipophillic
3. Require blood carrier proteins for transport
4. They have Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors
5. Change gene expression regulation directly
6. Are grouped into 2 classes -- corticosteroids and sex steroids
Have a cholesterol backbone structure
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What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -
Answer✅✅Primary Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - Answer✅✅Control functions of
other systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
How is the endocrine system controlled? - Answer✅✅By nerve impulses,
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - Answer✅✅1. Starts
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
,What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - Answer✅✅Homeostatic changes in
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? -
Answer✅✅Endocrine --closed--release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities; have a duct
What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - Answer✅✅Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? -
Answer✅✅Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal
hormones
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory endocrinocytes? -
Answer✅✅Cells which produce hormones, but are not directly part of the
endocrine system. They are located in other organs/parts of the body system.
1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
,3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-dependent
Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
What is an example of a mixed gland? - Answer✅✅Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Describe neuroendocrine cells - Answer✅✅Relay information between the
endocrine system and the nervous system
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland
Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
What are the three classes of hormones? Their characteristics? -
Answer✅✅Peptide/Protein Hormones: hydrophilic (lipophobic)
Amine Hormones: Hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophobic or lipophilic)
Steroid Hormones: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅A
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to
become a Pro-Hormone
The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become
an Active Hormone
Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell
membrane
They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅Polar,
hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE
, 1. are synthesized as prohormones in the RER and requiring further cleavage to
activate
2. Are stored in secretory vesicles
3. Are polar, hydrophilic and lipid- insoluble
4. Are soluble in plasma and can be transported freely in blood
5. Have G protein-coupled receptors and second messenger transduction systems
6. Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and regulation
Give examples of peptide/protein hormones - Answer✅✅-Hypothalamic:
Hormones
-Pituitary: Hormones
-Thyroid Calcitonin
-PTH
-Thymic: Hormones
-Pancreatic: Hormones
-Most hormones produced by endocrine cells in kidneys, stomach, SI, heart, liver,
bone marrow
MOST hormones are peptide/protein hormones
Describe the biosynthesis of steroid hormones - Answer✅✅Cholesterol enters the
SMOOTH Endoplasmic Recticulum
Forms the backbone of the hormone, transferred to Golgi for processing
Steroid hormone from Golgi body is packaged into secretory vesicles and exocytosed
into blood plasma
In plasma, must have a bonding protein for transport since it is lipophillic
Describe characteristics of steroid hormones - Answer✅✅1. Synthesized from
cholesterol
2. Non-Polar, lipophillic
3. Require blood carrier proteins for transport
4. They have Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors
5. Change gene expression regulation directly
6. Are grouped into 2 classes -- corticosteroids and sex steroids
Have a cholesterol backbone structure
