Malika De Ridder & Zoë Nicasie - 2025
Samenvatting Informatica
Inhoudsopgave
1 Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.1 Belang van IT______________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.2 Risico’s __________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.3 Business-IT alignment _____________________________________________________________________________ 7
2 Hoofdstuk 2: Basisbegrippen ___________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1 Informatiesystemen _______________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1 Informatietechnologieën ________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.1 Hardware _________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.2 Software __________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.3 Databases ________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.4 Communicatie ____________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.5 Mensen___________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.2 Definitie informatiesysteem _____________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.3 Relevantie informatiesystemen __________________________________________________________________ 8
2.2 Informatica _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
2.3 Programmeren ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9
3 Hoofdstuk 3: Algoritmes ______________________________________________________________________________ 10
3.1 Introductie tot algoritmes _________________________________________________________________________ 10
3.2 Formele definitie en componenten_________________________________________________________________ 10
3.2.1 Een geordende reeks … ________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.2 … ondubbelzinnige, … __________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.3 … uitvoerbare stappen … _______________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.4 … die een eindig proces beschrijven. ____________________________________________________________ 11
3.3 Algoritme representaties __________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.3.1 Algemene primitieven __________________________________________________________________________ 12
3.3.1.1 Variabelen _______________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.2 Toekenning ______________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.3 Tekst ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.4 Basisoperaties ___________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.2 Specifieke primitieven _________________________________________________________________________ 14
3.3.2.1 Flowchart ________________________________________________________________________________ 14
3.3.2.2 Pseudocode _____________________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.2.3 Oefening 1: Flowchart & pseudocode ______________________________________________________ 15
3.3.3 Sequenties ____________________________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.3.1 Oefening 2: Sequenties ___________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.4 Selectiealgoritmes _____________________________________________________________________________ 16
3.3.4.1 Als…dan… (if…then…) ____________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.4.2 Als…dan…anders… (if…then…else…) ______________________________________________________ 17
3.3.4.3 Nested if’s _______________________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.5 Herhalingsopdracht/iteraties ___________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.5.1 Zolang (while) ____________________________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.2 Herhaal (repeat) __________________________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.3 Verschil tussen ‘zolang’ en ‘herhaal’ _______________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.4 Oefening 3: Herhalingsopdracht ___________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.5 Voor (for) loop ____________________________________________________________________________ 19
4 Hoofdstuk 4: Procesmodellen _________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 21
, 4.1.1 Definities proces ______________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.2 Proces <> algoritme____________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3 Model ________________________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.1 Fysiek model _____________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.2 Grafisch model ___________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.3 Wiskundige of computermodel ____________________________________________________________ 22
4.1.4 Waarom bouwen we modellen? _________________________________________________________________ 22
4.1.4.1 Conceptueel voorbeeld proces ____________________________________________________________ 22
4.2 Procesmodellen: Introductie BPMN ________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.1 Inleiding ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.2 Basiselementen _______________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.2.1 Conceptueel model ______________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.3 Basiselementen BPMN _________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.3.1 Flow objecten ____________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.2 Connectors ______________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.3 Pools & lanes ____________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.4 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 25
4.2.3.5 Artefacten _______________________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3 Procesmodellen: BPMN-gateways _________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3.1 Elementen combineren ________________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3.1.1 Exclusieve gateway _______________________________________________________________________ 27
4.3.1.2 Parallelle gateway ________________________________________________________________________ 28
4.3.1.3 Inclusieve gateway _______________________________________________________________________ 29
4.3.1.4 Vergelijken verschillende gateways ________________________________________________________ 29
4.4 Procesmodellen: BPMN-elementen voor gevorderden _______________________________________________ 31
4.4.1 Event types ___________________________________________________________________________________ 31
4.4.1.1 Start event _______________________________________________________________________________ 31
4.4.1.2 End event ________________________________________________________________________________ 32
4.4.1.3 Intermediate event _______________________________________________________________________ 32
4.4.1.4 Recap events ____________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.2 Task types ____________________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.3 Collaboration diagrams ________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.4 Subproces ____________________________________________________________________________________ 35
4.4.4.1 Ad hoc subproces ________________________________________________________________________ 35
4.5 Procesmodellen: BPMN 10 elementaire regels ______________________________________________________ 36
4.6 Procesperspectief in management_________________________________________________________________ 36
4.6.1 Process mining ________________________________________________________________________________ 37
5 Hoofdstuk 5: Databases ______________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1.1 Benamingen __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1.2 Waarom database-software? ___________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2 Klassendiagram: Conceptuele datamodellen _______________________________________________________ 40
5.2.1 Klasse ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.2 Object ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.3 Associatie ____________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.4 Multipliciteit __________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.5 Recursieve associatie __________________________________________________________________________ 41
5.2.6 Attributen _____________________________________________________________________________________ 41
5.2.7 Associatieklasse ______________________________________________________________________________ 42
5.2.8 Meervoudige associaties _______________________________________________________________________ 43
5.2.9 Voorbeeldoefeningen __________________________________________________________________________ 43
5.3 Van conceptueel datamodel naar fysieke database _________________________________________________ 44
5.3.1 Inleiding ______________________________________________________________________________________ 44
5.3.2 Voorwaarde 1: First Normal Form (1NF) __________________________________________________________ 45
5.3.3 Voorwaarde 2: Keys ____________________________________________________________________________ 45
5.3.3.1 Many-to-many associaties ________________________________________________________________ 47
2
, 5.3.3.2 Instances ________________________________________________________________________________ 48
5.4 PowerBI _________________________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.1 Waarom PowerBI? _____________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.2 Hoe werkt PowerBI? ___________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.2.1 Onderdelen ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
5.4.2.2 Nieuwe tabel maken ______________________________________________________________________ 52
5.4.2.3 Relaties en kardinaliteiten _________________________________________________________________ 52
5.4.2.4 Composite key aanmaken _________________________________________________________________ 53
5.4.2.5 Many-to-many relaties ____________________________________________________________________ 53
6 Hoofdstuk 6: Informatica in een business context ______________________________________________________ 55
6.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2 Enkele begrippen _________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.1 Systeem ______________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.2 ICT ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.3 Informatiesystemen ___________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.4 Informatiesystemen strategie & management ____________________________________________________ 56
6.3 De veranderende rol van IS/IT _____________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.1 Waardeketen van Michael Porter ________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.2 APQC_Proces Classification Framework _________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.3 Drie mogelijke rollen van IT/IS ___________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.4 Technologische ondernemingen ________________________________________________________________ 58
6.4 Bedrijfscapaciteiten: Het positioneren van informatiesystemen en -technologie in hun bedrijfscontext __ 59
6.4.1 Capability map ________________________________________________________________________________ 59
6.4.2 Capability _____________________________________________________________________________________ 59
6.4.2.1 Zes elementen van capability _____________________________________________________________ 60
6.5 Business processes ______________________________________________________________________________ 61
6.6 Business concepts: information and data __________________________________________________________ 61
6.6.1 Concept modelling ____________________________________________________________________________ 61
6.6.2 Data Value Chain: Data driven à decision driven _________________________________________________ 62
6.7 Business rules ___________________________________________________________________________________ 64
6.8 Conclusie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 64
7 Hoofdstuk 7: Data science ____________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.1 Relevantie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2 Fundamentele concepten _________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1 Terminologie __________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.1 Klassieke business intelligence ____________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.2 Data Mining ______________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.3 AI/ML/DL ________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.2 Toepassingen _________________________________________________________________________________ 66
7.3 Een model trainen op data ________________________________________________________________________ 66
7.3.1 Data als strategisch goed_______________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2 Een model ____________________________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2.1 Wat is een model? ________________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2.2 Een model trainen ________________________________________________________________________ 68
7.3.2.3 Complexe functies approximeren met neurale netwerken ____________________________________ 68
7.3.2.4 Modellen trainen _________________________________________________________________________ 69
7.4 Methodes, taken en toepassingen _________________________________________________________________ 69
7.4.1 Taken (variabelen) _____________________________________________________________________________ 70
7.4.1.1 Supervised learning_______________________________________________________________________ 71
7.4.1.2 Unsupervised learning ____________________________________________________________________ 71
7.4.1.3 Reinforcement learning ___________________________________________________________________ 72
7.4.1.4 Oefening ________________________________________________________________________________ 72
7.4.2 Methodes _____________________________________________________________________________________ 72
3
, 7.4.3 Voorbeelden van Data Science toepassingen ____________________________________________________ 74
7.5 De modelleercyclus: CRISP-DM ___________________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1 Oefening: Churn Prediction _____________________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1.1 Stap 1: Business understanding ___________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1.2 Stap 2: Data understanding _______________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.3 Stap 3: Churn prediction __________________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.4 Stap 4: Deployment_______________________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.5 Reflectie _________________________________________________________________________________ 76
7.5.2 Voorbeeld retentiebeleid _______________________________________________________________________ 76
7.5.3 Belang data science ___________________________________________________________________________ 77
7.5.3.1 Redenen voor het falen van dergelijke projecten: ____________________________________________ 77
7.6 AI adoptie: vereisten, sourcing, impact _____________________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1 Vereisten voor verantwoordelijke adoptie van AI __________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1.1 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1.2 Technologie ______________________________________________________________________________ 79
7.6.1.3 Organisatie ______________________________________________________________________________ 79
7.6.1.4 Obstakels voor effectieve AI adoptie _______________________________________________________ 79
7.6.2 Sourcing ______________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.1 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.2 Technologie ______________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.3 Systeemintegratie (organisatie) ____________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.3 Impact ________________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.3.1 Interne impact ___________________________________________________________________________ 81
7.6.3.2 Externe impact ___________________________________________________________________________ 81
7.6.3.3 Externe impact: Fairness metrieken ________________________________________________________ 82
7.6.4 Conclusie _____________________________________________________________________________________ 83
7.7 Generatieve AI: grote taalmodellen (LLM) ___________________________________________________________ 83
7.7.1 Begrippen _____________________________________________________________________________________ 83
7.7.2 Tekstgeneratie ________________________________________________________________________________ 84
7.7.3 Voor deep learning _____________________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.1 N-gram modellen _________________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.2 N-grams: limitaties _______________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.3 Voor- en nadelen van N-grams en NNs _____________________________________________________ 85
7.7.4 Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.4.1 Generative _______________________________________________________________________________ 86
7.7.4.2 Pre-trained ______________________________________________________________________________ 86
7.7.4.3 Transformer______________________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5 Basismodel ___________________________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5.1 Predictie: temperature ____________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5.2 Predicties zijn altijd context afhankelijk _____________________________________________________ 89
7.7.5.3 Large language models vs. Reasoning LLMs _________________________________________________ 89
7.7.6 Adaptatie _____________________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.7 Modellen aanspreken __________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.8 Agentic AI _____________________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.9 Gevaren van LLM ______________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.9.1 Alignment _______________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.9.2 Hallucinaties_____________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.10 De staat van AI ______________________________________________________________________________ 92
7.7.11 Lessen voor organisaties ____________________________________________________________________ 93
7.8 Conclusie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 93
8 WPO 1 & 2: Algoritmes ________________________________________________________________________________ 94
9 WPO 3 & 4: BPMN ____________________________________________________________________________________ 104
10 WPO 5 & 6: Data modelleren met PowerBI ____________________________________________________________ 113
11 WPO 7: Data science ________________________________________________________________________________ 124
4
Samenvatting Informatica
Inhoudsopgave
1 Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.1 Belang van IT______________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.2 Risico’s __________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.3 Business-IT alignment _____________________________________________________________________________ 7
2 Hoofdstuk 2: Basisbegrippen ___________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1 Informatiesystemen _______________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1 Informatietechnologieën ________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.1 Hardware _________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.2 Software __________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.3 Databases ________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.4 Communicatie ____________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.1.5 Mensen___________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.2 Definitie informatiesysteem _____________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1.3 Relevantie informatiesystemen __________________________________________________________________ 8
2.2 Informatica _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
2.3 Programmeren ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9
3 Hoofdstuk 3: Algoritmes ______________________________________________________________________________ 10
3.1 Introductie tot algoritmes _________________________________________________________________________ 10
3.2 Formele definitie en componenten_________________________________________________________________ 10
3.2.1 Een geordende reeks … ________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.2 … ondubbelzinnige, … __________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.3 … uitvoerbare stappen … _______________________________________________________________________ 11
3.2.4 … die een eindig proces beschrijven. ____________________________________________________________ 11
3.3 Algoritme representaties __________________________________________________________________________ 11
3.3.1 Algemene primitieven __________________________________________________________________________ 12
3.3.1.1 Variabelen _______________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.2 Toekenning ______________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.3 Tekst ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.1.4 Basisoperaties ___________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.3.2 Specifieke primitieven _________________________________________________________________________ 14
3.3.2.1 Flowchart ________________________________________________________________________________ 14
3.3.2.2 Pseudocode _____________________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.2.3 Oefening 1: Flowchart & pseudocode ______________________________________________________ 15
3.3.3 Sequenties ____________________________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.3.1 Oefening 2: Sequenties ___________________________________________________________________ 15
3.3.4 Selectiealgoritmes _____________________________________________________________________________ 16
3.3.4.1 Als…dan… (if…then…) ____________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.4.2 Als…dan…anders… (if…then…else…) ______________________________________________________ 17
3.3.4.3 Nested if’s _______________________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.5 Herhalingsopdracht/iteraties ___________________________________________________________________ 17
3.3.5.1 Zolang (while) ____________________________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.2 Herhaal (repeat) __________________________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.3 Verschil tussen ‘zolang’ en ‘herhaal’ _______________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.4 Oefening 3: Herhalingsopdracht ___________________________________________________________ 18
3.3.5.5 Voor (for) loop ____________________________________________________________________________ 19
4 Hoofdstuk 4: Procesmodellen _________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 21
, 4.1.1 Definities proces ______________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.2 Proces <> algoritme____________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3 Model ________________________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.1 Fysiek model _____________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.2 Grafisch model ___________________________________________________________________________ 21
4.1.3.3 Wiskundige of computermodel ____________________________________________________________ 22
4.1.4 Waarom bouwen we modellen? _________________________________________________________________ 22
4.1.4.1 Conceptueel voorbeeld proces ____________________________________________________________ 22
4.2 Procesmodellen: Introductie BPMN ________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.1 Inleiding ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.2 Basiselementen _______________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.2.1 Conceptueel model ______________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.3 Basiselementen BPMN _________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.3.1 Flow objecten ____________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.2 Connectors ______________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.3 Pools & lanes ____________________________________________________________________________ 24
4.2.3.4 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 25
4.2.3.5 Artefacten _______________________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3 Procesmodellen: BPMN-gateways _________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3.1 Elementen combineren ________________________________________________________________________ 26
4.3.1.1 Exclusieve gateway _______________________________________________________________________ 27
4.3.1.2 Parallelle gateway ________________________________________________________________________ 28
4.3.1.3 Inclusieve gateway _______________________________________________________________________ 29
4.3.1.4 Vergelijken verschillende gateways ________________________________________________________ 29
4.4 Procesmodellen: BPMN-elementen voor gevorderden _______________________________________________ 31
4.4.1 Event types ___________________________________________________________________________________ 31
4.4.1.1 Start event _______________________________________________________________________________ 31
4.4.1.2 End event ________________________________________________________________________________ 32
4.4.1.3 Intermediate event _______________________________________________________________________ 32
4.4.1.4 Recap events ____________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.2 Task types ____________________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.3 Collaboration diagrams ________________________________________________________________________ 33
4.4.4 Subproces ____________________________________________________________________________________ 35
4.4.4.1 Ad hoc subproces ________________________________________________________________________ 35
4.5 Procesmodellen: BPMN 10 elementaire regels ______________________________________________________ 36
4.6 Procesperspectief in management_________________________________________________________________ 36
4.6.1 Process mining ________________________________________________________________________________ 37
5 Hoofdstuk 5: Databases ______________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1.1 Benamingen __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
5.1.2 Waarom database-software? ___________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2 Klassendiagram: Conceptuele datamodellen _______________________________________________________ 40
5.2.1 Klasse ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.2 Object ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.3 Associatie ____________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.4 Multipliciteit __________________________________________________________________________________ 40
5.2.5 Recursieve associatie __________________________________________________________________________ 41
5.2.6 Attributen _____________________________________________________________________________________ 41
5.2.7 Associatieklasse ______________________________________________________________________________ 42
5.2.8 Meervoudige associaties _______________________________________________________________________ 43
5.2.9 Voorbeeldoefeningen __________________________________________________________________________ 43
5.3 Van conceptueel datamodel naar fysieke database _________________________________________________ 44
5.3.1 Inleiding ______________________________________________________________________________________ 44
5.3.2 Voorwaarde 1: First Normal Form (1NF) __________________________________________________________ 45
5.3.3 Voorwaarde 2: Keys ____________________________________________________________________________ 45
5.3.3.1 Many-to-many associaties ________________________________________________________________ 47
2
, 5.3.3.2 Instances ________________________________________________________________________________ 48
5.4 PowerBI _________________________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.1 Waarom PowerBI? _____________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.2 Hoe werkt PowerBI? ___________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.4.2.1 Onderdelen ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
5.4.2.2 Nieuwe tabel maken ______________________________________________________________________ 52
5.4.2.3 Relaties en kardinaliteiten _________________________________________________________________ 52
5.4.2.4 Composite key aanmaken _________________________________________________________________ 53
5.4.2.5 Many-to-many relaties ____________________________________________________________________ 53
6 Hoofdstuk 6: Informatica in een business context ______________________________________________________ 55
6.1 Inleiding _________________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2 Enkele begrippen _________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.1 Systeem ______________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.2 ICT ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.3 Informatiesystemen ___________________________________________________________________________ 55
6.2.4 Informatiesystemen strategie & management ____________________________________________________ 56
6.3 De veranderende rol van IS/IT _____________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.1 Waardeketen van Michael Porter ________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.2 APQC_Proces Classification Framework _________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.3 Drie mogelijke rollen van IT/IS ___________________________________________________________________ 57
6.3.4 Technologische ondernemingen ________________________________________________________________ 58
6.4 Bedrijfscapaciteiten: Het positioneren van informatiesystemen en -technologie in hun bedrijfscontext __ 59
6.4.1 Capability map ________________________________________________________________________________ 59
6.4.2 Capability _____________________________________________________________________________________ 59
6.4.2.1 Zes elementen van capability _____________________________________________________________ 60
6.5 Business processes ______________________________________________________________________________ 61
6.6 Business concepts: information and data __________________________________________________________ 61
6.6.1 Concept modelling ____________________________________________________________________________ 61
6.6.2 Data Value Chain: Data driven à decision driven _________________________________________________ 62
6.7 Business rules ___________________________________________________________________________________ 64
6.8 Conclusie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 64
7 Hoofdstuk 7: Data science ____________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.1 Relevantie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2 Fundamentele concepten _________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1 Terminologie __________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.1 Klassieke business intelligence ____________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.2 Data Mining ______________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.1.3 AI/ML/DL ________________________________________________________________________________ 65
7.2.2 Toepassingen _________________________________________________________________________________ 66
7.3 Een model trainen op data ________________________________________________________________________ 66
7.3.1 Data als strategisch goed_______________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2 Een model ____________________________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2.1 Wat is een model? ________________________________________________________________________ 67
7.3.2.2 Een model trainen ________________________________________________________________________ 68
7.3.2.3 Complexe functies approximeren met neurale netwerken ____________________________________ 68
7.3.2.4 Modellen trainen _________________________________________________________________________ 69
7.4 Methodes, taken en toepassingen _________________________________________________________________ 69
7.4.1 Taken (variabelen) _____________________________________________________________________________ 70
7.4.1.1 Supervised learning_______________________________________________________________________ 71
7.4.1.2 Unsupervised learning ____________________________________________________________________ 71
7.4.1.3 Reinforcement learning ___________________________________________________________________ 72
7.4.1.4 Oefening ________________________________________________________________________________ 72
7.4.2 Methodes _____________________________________________________________________________________ 72
3
, 7.4.3 Voorbeelden van Data Science toepassingen ____________________________________________________ 74
7.5 De modelleercyclus: CRISP-DM ___________________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1 Oefening: Churn Prediction _____________________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1.1 Stap 1: Business understanding ___________________________________________________________ 74
7.5.1.2 Stap 2: Data understanding _______________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.3 Stap 3: Churn prediction __________________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.4 Stap 4: Deployment_______________________________________________________________________ 75
7.5.1.5 Reflectie _________________________________________________________________________________ 76
7.5.2 Voorbeeld retentiebeleid _______________________________________________________________________ 76
7.5.3 Belang data science ___________________________________________________________________________ 77
7.5.3.1 Redenen voor het falen van dergelijke projecten: ____________________________________________ 77
7.6 AI adoptie: vereisten, sourcing, impact _____________________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1 Vereisten voor verantwoordelijke adoptie van AI __________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1.1 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 78
7.6.1.2 Technologie ______________________________________________________________________________ 79
7.6.1.3 Organisatie ______________________________________________________________________________ 79
7.6.1.4 Obstakels voor effectieve AI adoptie _______________________________________________________ 79
7.6.2 Sourcing ______________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.1 Data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.2 Technologie ______________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.2.3 Systeemintegratie (organisatie) ____________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.3 Impact ________________________________________________________________________________________ 80
7.6.3.1 Interne impact ___________________________________________________________________________ 81
7.6.3.2 Externe impact ___________________________________________________________________________ 81
7.6.3.3 Externe impact: Fairness metrieken ________________________________________________________ 82
7.6.4 Conclusie _____________________________________________________________________________________ 83
7.7 Generatieve AI: grote taalmodellen (LLM) ___________________________________________________________ 83
7.7.1 Begrippen _____________________________________________________________________________________ 83
7.7.2 Tekstgeneratie ________________________________________________________________________________ 84
7.7.3 Voor deep learning _____________________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.1 N-gram modellen _________________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.2 N-grams: limitaties _______________________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.3.3 Voor- en nadelen van N-grams en NNs _____________________________________________________ 85
7.7.4 Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)________________________________________________________ 85
7.7.4.1 Generative _______________________________________________________________________________ 86
7.7.4.2 Pre-trained ______________________________________________________________________________ 86
7.7.4.3 Transformer______________________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5 Basismodel ___________________________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5.1 Predictie: temperature ____________________________________________________________________ 88
7.7.5.2 Predicties zijn altijd context afhankelijk _____________________________________________________ 89
7.7.5.3 Large language models vs. Reasoning LLMs _________________________________________________ 89
7.7.6 Adaptatie _____________________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.7 Modellen aanspreken __________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.8 Agentic AI _____________________________________________________________________________________ 90
7.7.9 Gevaren van LLM ______________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.9.1 Alignment _______________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.9.2 Hallucinaties_____________________________________________________________________________ 91
7.7.10 De staat van AI ______________________________________________________________________________ 92
7.7.11 Lessen voor organisaties ____________________________________________________________________ 93
7.8 Conclusie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 93
8 WPO 1 & 2: Algoritmes ________________________________________________________________________________ 94
9 WPO 3 & 4: BPMN ____________________________________________________________________________________ 104
10 WPO 5 & 6: Data modelleren met PowerBI ____________________________________________________________ 113
11 WPO 7: Data science ________________________________________________________________________________ 124
4
